现在完成时的定义

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现在完成时的定义
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现在完成时的定义
现在完成时的定义

现在完成时的定义
现在完成进行时是一兼有现在完成时和现在进行时二者基本特点的时态.由于它有现在完成时的特点,所以它可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响.由于它有现在进行时的特点,所以它也可以表示某一动作的延续性、临时性、重复性、生动性乃至感情色彩.
现在就现在完成进行时的这些特点和现在完成时作一简单的比较:
(1)现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果,但前者所表示的结果是直接的,而后者所表示的则是最后的结果.如:
We have been cleaning the classroom.(a)
We have cleaned the classroom.(b)
(a)句可译为“我们打扫教室来着.”其直接结果可能是:我们身上都是灰.(b)句可以译为“我们把教室打扫过了.”其结果是:现在教室很清洁,可以用了.又,(a)句表示教室刚刚打扫过,(b)句则可能表示教室是昨天打扫的.
Be careful!John has been painting the door.(a)
John has painted the door.(b)
(a)句表示约翰刚刚把门油漆过,现在油漆还未干,所以你要小心.(b)句则无此含义,油漆可能已干了.
(2)现在完成进行时有时有延续性,现在完成时往往没有.如:
They have been widening the road.(a)
They have widened the road.(b)
(a)句的意思是他们在加宽马路,但尚未完工.(b)句的意思则是已完工了.有时现在完成时有延续性(如一些属于持续体的动词),但无临时性质.如:
Mr.Smith has been living in London since 1978.(a)
Mr.Smith has lived in London since 1979.(b)
(a)句有“史密斯先生在伦敦久居”的含义,(b)句则没有.
(3)但现在完成进行时并不总是具有临时的性质,如:
My moth!er has been teaching English for twenty years.(a)
My mother has taught English for twenty years.(b)
(a)句在此并无临时性质,但较口语化.(b)句则较为正式.又,(a)句表示动作现在仍在继续.并将延续下去,(b)句的动作是否延续下去,须由上下文决定,但在一般情况下都是延续下去的.
(4)现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复,现在完成时则常常不带重复性.如:
Have you been meeting her lately?(a)
Have you met her lately?(b)
(a)句有“经常相会”之意,(b)句则没有.(b)句如与often,every day等时间状语连用,当然也表示动作在重复.
(5)现在完成进行时比较生动,有时含有明显的感情色彩,而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实,一种影响或结果,平铺直叙,没有什么感情色彩可言.如:
What have you been doing?(a)
What have you done?(b)
(a)句表示惊异.(b)句只是一个问题.
Have you been waiting long?(a)
Have you waited long?(b)
(a)句较(b)句生动.又,(a)句比较口语化.
I have been wanting to meet you for long.(a)
I have long wanted to meet you.(b)
(a)句比(b)句更亲切,更有礼貌.
Recently Mary has been doing her work regularly.(a)
Recently Mary has done her work regularly.(b)
(a)句显然是在表扬玛丽.(b)只说明一个事实.
下面还有一例,颇为有趣:
Who's been eating my apples?(a)
Who's eaten my apples?(b)
(a)句有强烈的感情色彩,表示愤怒不满,(b)句只是希望回答的一个问题.又,(a)句兼有进行时态,所以有“苹果未被全部吃光”的意思,(b)句是完成时态,说明“苹果一个不剩了”.

现在完成时表示过去开始,但持续到现在的动作,或过去发生的动作,对现在留下后果或影响。常和for+一段时间,already, ever, never, just, yet, in the past few years/ over the last thirty years, so far, up to now, since 1980等状语连用。
【例如】
Most colle...

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现在完成时表示过去开始,但持续到现在的动作,或过去发生的动作,对现在留下后果或影响。常和for+一段时间,already, ever, never, just, yet, in the past few years/ over the last thirty years, so far, up to now, since 1980等状语连用。
【例如】
Most college students have learned English for more than six years. Great changes have taken place in China in the past few years.I have never been abroad up to now.*表示短暂行为的动词不能和延续性时间状语连用。
【例如】
I have been back from England for over two weeks.或It has been over two weeks since he came back from England.We couldn't say: I have come back from England for over two weeks.He has been in the army since 1998. We couldn't say: He has joined the army since 1998.

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现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状 态,其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去 但它的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或 状态。其构成: have (has) +过去分词。
2。将来完成时
1) 构成will / be going to do sth.
2) 概念
a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。
...

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现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状 态,其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去 但它的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或 状态。其构成: have (has) +过去分词。
2。将来完成时
1) 构成will / be going to do sth.
2) 概念
a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。
b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或一获得的经验。
They will have been married for 20 years by then.
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.
3。过去进行时的基本用法
a.过去进行时表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作,常和表过去的时间状语连用,如:
I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。
They were expecting you yesterday.他们昨天一直在等待。
b.过去进行时可与soon, the next moment, in minutes, minutes later等时间状语连用,表示一个新的
动作刚刚开始。如:
Soon the whole town was talking about it.不久镇上的人就都谈论起这种事了。
c.过去进行时可用来申述原因或用作借口,这种用法常用在口语中。如:
-- Have you finished your homework, Mary?玛丽,你作业做完了吗?
-- No, I was helping my mother is the kitchen all day yesterday.还没呢,我昨天一天都帮妈妈在厨
房干活。
d.过去进行时可用来为一个后一系列动作的发生提供背景。如:
I hurt my leg when I was riding a bike.我在骑车时把腿摔坏了。
e.过去进行时可表示过去未曾实现的愿望或打算,这时be动词was/were要重读。如:
I was writing him a letter this morning and forgot all about it .我本该今天早上给他写信的
,后来全给忘了。
I was seeing her tomorrow. 我本来打算明天会见她。
He was watching the play yesterday, but he was too busy. 他昨天本来要看那场戏的,可是太忙
了。
过去进行时表示过去某一段时间或某一时刻正在进行的动作。常与之连用的时间状语有,at that
time/moment, (at) this time yesterday (last night/Sunday/week…), at+点钟+yesterday (last
night / Sunday…),when sb. did sth等时间状语从句。
What were you doing at seven p.m. yesterday?昨天晚上七点你在干什么?
I first met Mary three years ago. She was working at a radio shop at the time.我第一次遇到玛丽
是在三年前,当时她在一家无线电商店工作。
I was cooking when she knocked at the door.她敲门时我正在做饭。
(3)一般过去时往往表示某一动作已经完成,而过去进行时却表示动作在持续或未完成。如:
I saw you while you were speaking to the teacher.你在和老师谈话时我看见了你。
注意:有的过去时间状语既可用于一般过去时,也可用于过去进行时,但含义不同。如:
She wrote a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚给她的朋友写了封信。(信写完了)
She was writing a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚一直在给她的朋友写信。(信不一定写完)
一、过去进行时的时间状语
1.when 和while引导的状语从句中,强调某个动作正在进行的过程中时要用进行时态,while表示一段时
间,因此它所引导的状语从句中,谓语动词常用进行时态,如:
When/While we were having supper, the light went out.我们正在吃饭时灯熄灭了。
2.when用作并列连词时,主句常用进行时态,从句则用一般过去时,表示主句动作发生的过程中,另一个意
想不到的动作发生了。如:
I was walking in the street when someone called me.我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。
二、下面几种情况不用一般过去时而要用过去进行时:
1. 表示过去某一阶段暂时性的习惯动作时。如:
Tom was getting up at six o’clock every day that week.汤姆那一周里每天都是六点钟起床。
2. 与always连用表示赞美,厌烦等感情色彩时。如:
John was always coming to school late.约翰上学总是迟到。
Lei Feng was always doing good deeds for the people.雷锋总是为人民做好事。
3. 用来描写故事发生的情景时。如:
It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A PLA man
suddenly appeared on the river bank. He wanted to cross the river.那是一个漆黑的夜晚,风刮得很
厉害,雨下得很大,一个解放军战士突然出现在河岸上,他想过河去。
4. when作并列连词,表示“(这时)突然”之意时,第一个并列分句用过去进行时,when引导的并列分句
用一般过去时。如:
I was taking a walk when I met him.我正在散步,突然遇见了他。
We were playing outside when it began to rain.我们正在外边玩,这时下起雨来了。
5go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词可用过去进行时表示过去将来的含义。如:
I was leaving for Wuhan that day.那天我正要去武汉。
She was coming later.她随后就来。
三、过去进行时表示婉转语气(只限于want, hope, wonder 等动词),用以提出请求。如:
I was wondering if you could help me.
I was hoping you could send me home.
4。现在完成进行时
1. 形式:have(has)+been+现在分词,以work为例:
肯定式:
IYouWehave
HeSheIthasbeen working.
否定式:
IYouWehave
HeSheIthasnot been working.
疑问式:
haveIYouWe
HasHeSheItbeen working?
2. 用法
现在完成进行时表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。现在这个动作可能刚刚终
止,也可能仍在进行。
I have been sitting here all afternoon.
我在这儿坐了一下午了。
How long has it been raining?
雨下了多久了?
They have been fighting for independence since 1960s.
他们从60年代以来一直为独立而斗争。
3?现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别
1)现在完成进行时一般强调过去发生的动作现在仍在继续。
现在完成时强调过去发生的动作现在已经完成或表示曾经发生过。
I have been writing an article.
我一直在写一篇文章。(仍在)
I have written an article.
这已写好一篇文章。(已完成)
I have been reading that book since last week.
上周以来,我一直在读那本书。(还在读)
I have read that book before.
以前我曾读过那本书。(动作在过去曾经发生过)
2) 现在完成进行时表示刚刚结束的动作,强调动作在不久前持续进行,带有感
情色彩。
现在完成时表示已经结束的动作,强调动作的结果。
Where have you been? We have been looking for you everywhere.
你到哪里去了?我们到处在找你。(表示刚刚结束的动作)
We have looked for him, but haven't found him.
我们找过他,但没有找到他。(表示动作已结束,强调支作的结果)
3) 现在完成进行时表示现在以前的这段时间内反复发生的事情。
All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.
这些年来,创立们一直为我们杂志写稿。
We have been seeing quite alot of each other recently.
最近我们常常见面。现在完成时的用法
=====================
have(has)+过去分词
1.现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生活或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
I have lost my wallet.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是:已可以吃饭了.)
Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)
2. 现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的情况,常与for,since连用.
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
3. 现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等:
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet
4. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:
Have you ever been to Beijing
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
5. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present, so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has bee too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
6. 现在完成时表示现在之前业已完成的动作,虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续,但是有一些现在完成时的句子,在后面加上for+一段时间,则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性.
Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语)
Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.(同第2点用法第一个例句)
7. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.
We have had four texts this semester.
===================
现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”
1.现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。
例如:He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如:never,ever,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning / month /year...,today等)连用。
例如: Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?
2.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。
例如:He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。)
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:up to now,so far)等。
例如:I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
注意:(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。
(2)现在完成时常见两种句型:
①主语+have / has been+for短语
②It is+一段时间+ since从句
例如:He has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了。
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