求darwin awards（达尔文)英文版简介~

求darwin awards（达尔文)英文版简介~
求darwin awards（达尔文)英文版简介~

求darwin awards（达尔文)英文版简介~
现代生物学之父：查尔斯·达尔文
http://www.sina.com.cn 2004/06/17 11:37 英语广场
Father of Modern Biology: Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin's whole life was changed by one lucky chance. In 1831, before he went on the voyage1 of the Beagle2, he was a very ordinary young man of twenty-two. No one in England—certainly not Darwin himself —had any idea of the future he had before him.
His sister Caroline gave him his first lessons. He was both lazy and naughty, and everyone was glad that he went away to school after his mother's death when he was eight.
Charles soon became a keen collector. He collected anything that caught his interest: insects3, seashells, coins and interesting stones. He said later that his collection prepared him for his work as a naturalist4.
He was not a very clever boy, but Charles was good at doing the things that interested him. He also took pleasure in carrying out experiments. But he could not learn Latin and Greek which in those days were an important part of education. He was a disappointment to his father, who was sure that he would bring nothing but shame to himself and his family.
In 1825, when Charles was sixteen, his father sent him to Edinburgh to study medicine, saying ：“As you like natural history5 so much, perhaps we can make a doctor of you.”
But Charles found the lectures boring, and the dissections6 frightening. But at Edinburgh he was able to go to natural history lectures. In 1826 he read a paper on sea-worms to the Natural History Society. This paper was his first known work on this subject.
Then his father decided to send Charles to Cambridge University to study to become a priest. With hard work, he did quite well. And, in the countryside around Cambridge, he was able to shoot, fish and collect insects.
He seemed likely to become a country priest like hundreds of others, sharing his time between his work and his interest in natural history and country life. He had a deep faith in God and a lasting interest in religion7. At this time he did not doubt that every word of the Bible was true.
Then a letter from Captain Robert FitzRoy changed his life. FitzRoy was planning to make a voyage around the world on a ship called the Beagle. He wanted a naturalist to join the ship, and Darwin was recommended8. That voyage was the start of Charles Darwin's great life work.
In those days a great many people believed that every word written in the Bible was true. Darwin hoped that the plants and animals that they found in the course of their voyage would prove the truth of the Bible story of the great Flood9.
He began to observe everything. When they got to Rio de Janeiro in South America, Charles was overcome with joy to see so many different creatures, so much life and colour. His notebooks were full of detailed observations.
Then they reached dry land at Punta Alta. There Darwin discovered his first fossils10. Why, he wondered, were there horse bones at Punta Alta, when there had been no horses in the New World until Cortez brought his from Spain11?
They came to Tierra del Fuego at the tip of South America. It was a strange place, with terrible storms. Its people grew no food, and they slept on the wet ground. Darwin observed their looks and habits.
“How can people be so different, if all are descended12 from Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden?” Charles wondered.
A trip into the mountains showed Darwin seashells at a height of 12,000 feet. Lower down were fossil trees.
“So those trees once stood by the sea,” thought Darwin. “The sea came up and covered them. Then the sea-bed rose up...”. To a man who had been taught that every word in the Bible was true, this was very puzzling.
In Chile, where Darwin saw earthquakes and volcanoes, he began to see what must have happened. The centre of the earth, he decided, was very hot. The surface of the earth was thinner in some places. It was in these places that earthquakes and volcanoes developed.
As the Beagle sailed around the world, Darwin began to wonder how life had developed on earth. He saw volcanic islands in the sea, and wondered how living things had got there.
But people who believed every word of the Bible thought that God had made all creatures and Man. But, if that was true, why did some of the fossils look like “mistakes” which had failed to change and, for that reason, died out?
On went Beagle, to Tahiti13, New Zealand and Australia. There, Darwin saw coral and coral islands for the first time. How had these islands come about14? Soon, he had the answer. Coral was made up of the bodies of millions of tiny creatures, piled up over millions of years —a million years for each island. Darwin wrote it all down in his notebooks.
After five years he was home. He was never again the healthy young man who climbed mountains and carried heavy bags of fossils for miles.
He set to work, getting his collection in order. And, in 1839, he married his cousin15, Emma Wedgwood. It was a happy marriage with ten children. He could be found working in his study, with a child beside him.
His first great work The Zoology of the Beagle was well received, but he was slow to make public his ideas on the origins16 of life. He was certainly very worried about disagreeing with the accepted views of the Church.
Happily, the naturalists at Cambridge persuaded Darwin that he must make his ideas public. So Darwin and Wallace, another naturalist who had the same opinions as Darwin, produced a paper together. A year later Darwin's great book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection appeared. It attracted a storm.
People thought that Darwin was saying they were descended from monkeys. What a shameful idea! Although most scientists agreed that Darwin was right and that the story of Adam and Eve was merely a story, the Church was still so strong that Darwin never received any honours for his work.
Many years later, he published his other great work, The Descent of Man. He gave a lecture at the Royal Institution17, when the whole audience stood up and clapped18.
His health grew worse, but still he worked. “When I have to give up observation, I shall die,” he said. He was still working on 17, April, 1882. He was dead two days later.
现代生物学之父：查尔斯·达尔文
一次偶然的机遇改变了查尔斯·达尔文的一生.1831年踏上贝格尔号的航程之前,他还是个普普通通的22岁青年.没有人,当然也包括他自己,知道他的未来是什么样子.
姐姐卡罗琳教会了他许多人生第一课.他是个懒惰又淘气的孩子,8岁那年母亲去世后他总算进了学校,人人都为此而高兴.
不久查尔斯爱上了收集,收集所有他感兴趣的东西：昆虫呀、海贝呀,还有硬币和奇形怪状的石头.他后来说这些收集为他成为博物学家打下了基础.
查尔斯并不是个特别聪明的孩子,但只要感兴趣的事情他都做得很棒.他还喜欢做各种试验,但却学不好拉丁文和希腊文,这在当时的教育中可是很重要的一部分.父亲对他颇感失望,认定他只会一事无成,辱没家门.
1825年,查尔斯16岁,父亲将他送到爱丁堡学医,说“既然你如此喜欢博物学,或许我们可以把你培养成一名医生.”
但是查尔斯却烦透了那些讲座,也惧怕解剖,不过在爱丁堡他可以去听博物学方面的讲座.1826年,他在博物学社宣读了一篇有关海船蛀虫的文章,这是该领域中他第一篇为人所知的作品.
随后他父亲决定送他去剑桥大学学习,将来当一名牧师.由于刻苦努力,他学得相当不错,而且得以在剑桥附近的乡村射猎、钓鱼以及收集各种昆虫.
看来,他像数以百计的其他学生一样可能成为一位乡村牧师,工作的同时,还可以兼顾自己对博物学和乡村生活的兴趣.他笃信上帝,对宗教有不减的热情.当时他毫不怀疑《圣经》字字真实.
可是一封来自罗伯特·菲茨洛伊船长的信改变了他的一生.菲茨洛伊计划驾驶“贝格尔号”海船做一次环球航行,他想要一位博物学家加盟,有人推荐了达尔文.此次航海成为查尔斯终生伟业的起点.
那时很多人笃信《圣经》.达尔文希望航海过程中发现的各种动植物能证明《圣经》中有关那场洪水的文字确有其事.
他开始对万物进行观察.他们到达南美洲的里约热内卢时,看到种类如此繁多的生物,那么生机盎然而色彩斑斓,查尔斯欣喜若狂,他的笔记本上全是详细的观察记录.
随后他们到了Punta Alta 的干旱地带,达尔文在那儿发现了首批化石.奇怪的是,Cortez将马从西班牙带进美洲之前,Punta Alta是没有马的,为什么却有马骨化石呢?
他们又去了南美洲南端的火地岛.那是个奇异的地方,狂风暴雨不断,当地人不种粮食作物,而且在湿漉漉的地上席地而眠.达尔文仔细观察他们的相貌和习惯.
“如果人类都是伊甸园亚当和夏娃的后代,为什么又如此不同呢?”查尔斯感到纳闷.
在海拔一万两千英尺的山上,达尔文发现了海贝,稍低处还有树木化石.
达尔文想：“这么说这些树原来长在海边,海水上涨淹没了它们,后来海底上升了…….”对一个向来接受《圣经》字字箴言灌输的人来说,这真让人疑惑不解.
在智利,达尔文亲眼目睹了地震和火山,他开始明白其中的原因.他认为,地球中心非常炽热,地球表面某些地方要薄一些,地震和火山往往爆发于这些地方.
跟随着贝格尔号做环球航行,达尔文开始思考地球上生命的演变.他看到海中的火山岛,就会对那里生物的由来感到好奇.
而笃信《圣经》的人认为所有的生物和人类都是上帝创造的.可果真如此,为什么有的化石看起来像是上帝的“失误”?它们未能适应变化,也因此而绝迹了.
贝格尔号继续航行至塔希提岛、新西兰和澳大利亚.达尔文在那些地方第一次见到了珊瑚和珊瑚岛.这些岛是怎么形成的?很快,他就有了答案.珊瑚由数百万微小生物的遗骸组成,经过数百万年的堆积,每一百万年就形成了一座岛屿.达尔文将这一切写进他的笔记里.
五年后他回到家,不再是那个能翻山越岭、并扛着沉重的化石一口气行走数英里的健康小伙儿了.
他着手整理他的收集物.1839年,他和表妹艾玛·维奇伍德结婚,婚后生活幸福,育有十个孩子.人们发现他在书房工作时,总有一个孩子在身旁.
他的第一部大作《贝格尔号的生态园》颇受欢迎,但他却不急于将自己对生命起源的看法公诸于世,他确实非常担心自己的理论与教会广为接受的观点发生冲突.
所幸剑桥大学的博物学家们都劝说达尔文公开他的观点,因此达尔文和另一位持相同观点的博物学家瓦雷斯共同发表了一篇文章.一年后,他的巨著《物竞天择,物种起源》问世并掀起了轩然大波.
人们认为达尔文在说人是猴子的后代,这种观点简直有失体面!虽然大多数科学家同意达尔文是对的,亚当和夏娃之说仅仅是故事而已,但教会的力量如此强大,这部著作没有给达尔文带来任何荣誉.
许多年后,他出版了另一部名著《人类的演化》.他在皇家研究院作了一次演讲,全场听众一致起立为之鼓掌.
他的健康每况愈下,但他工作不止,并说“我不得不放弃观察的时候,我也就完了.”1882年4月17日还在工作的他,两天以后与世长辞.
这里有个十分简单的:1. Darwin's evolutionary theory and its impact
Charles Darwin(1809-1882) was an English naturalist and author. His Origin of Species (1859) and Decent of Men (1871) exerted a strong impact in the history of Western thought. In his books, Darwin hypothesized that over the millennia man had evolved from lower forms of life. Humans were special, not because God had created them in His image, but because they had successfully adapted to changing environmental conditions and had passed on their survival?making characteristics genetically. Survival of the fittest is the fact or principle of the survival of the forms of plant and animal life best fitted for existing conditions, while related but less fit forms become extinct.
参考资料：http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2004-06-17/22705.html

Charles Darwin(1809-1882) was an English naturalist and author. His Origin of Species (1859) and Decent of Men (1871) exerted a strong impact in the history of Western thought. In his books, Darwin hy...

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Charles Darwin(1809-1882) was an English naturalist and author. His Origin of Species (1859) and Decent of Men (1871) exerted a strong impact in the history of Western thought. In his books, Darwin hypothesized that over the millennia man had evolved from lower forms of life. Humans were special, not because God had created them in His image, but because they had successfully adapted to changing environmental conditions and had passed on their survival?making characteristics genetically. Survival of the fittest is the fact or principle of the survival of the forms of plant and animal life best fitted for existing conditions, while related but less fit forms become extinct.
参考资料：http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2004-06-17/22705.html

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达尔文 (1809-1882)
1909年2月12日，达尔文出生在英国的施鲁斯伯里。祖父和父亲都是当地的名医，家里希望他将来继承祖业，16岁时便被父亲送到爱丁堡大学学医。
但达尔文从小就热爱大自然，尤其喜欢打猎、采集矿物和动植物标本。进到医学院后，他仍然经常到野外采集动植物标本。父亲认为他“游手好闲”、“不务正业”，一怒之下，于1828年又送他到剑桥大学，改学神学，希望他将来成...

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达尔文 (1809-1882)
1909年2月12日，达尔文出生在英国的施鲁斯伯里。祖父和父亲都是当地的名医，家里希望他将来继承祖业，16岁时便被父亲送到爱丁堡大学学医。
但达尔文从小就热爱大自然，尤其喜欢打猎、采集矿物和动植物标本。进到医学院后，他仍然经常到野外采集动植物标本。父亲认为他“游手好闲”、“不务正业”，一怒之下，于1828年又送他到剑桥大学，改学神学，希望他将来成为一个“尊贵的牧师”。达尔文对神学院的神创论等谬说十分厌烦，他仍然把大部分时间用在听自然科学讲座，自学大量的自然科学书籍。热心于收集甲虫等动植物标本，对神秘的大自然充满了浓厚的兴趣。
1828年的一天，在伦敦郊外的一片树林里，一位大学生围着一棵老树转悠。突然，他发现在将要脱落的树皮下，有虫子在里边蠕动，便急忙剥开树皮，发现两只奇特的甲虫，正急速地向前爬去。这位大学生马上左右开弓抓在手里，兴奋地观看起来。正在这时，树皮里又跳出一只甲虫，大学生措手不及，迅即把手里的甲虫藏到嘴里，伸手又把第三只甲虫抓到。看着这些奇怪的甲虫，大学生真有点爱不释手，只顾得意地欣赏手中的甲虫，早把嘴里的哪只给忘记了。嘴里的那只甲虫憋得受不了啦，便放出一股辛辣的毒汁，把这大学生的舌头蜇得又麻又痛。他这才想起口中的甲虫，张口把它吐到手里。然后，不顾口中的疼痛，得意洋洋地向市内的剑桥大学走去。这个大学生就是查理·达尔文。后来，人们为了纪念他首先发现的这种甲虫，就把它命为“达尔文”。
1831年，达尔文从剑桥大学毕业。他放弃了待遇丰厚的牧师职业，依然热衷于自己的自然科学研究。这年12月，英国政府组织了“贝格尔号”军舰的环球考察，达尔文经人推荐，以“博物学家”的身份，自费搭船，开始了漫长而又艰苦的环球考察活动。
达尔文每到一地总要进行认真的考察研究，采访当地的居民，有时请他们当向导，爬山涉水，采集矿物和动植物标本，挖掘生物化石，发现了许多没有记载的新物种。他白天收集谷类岩石标本、动物化石，晚上又忙着记录收集经过。1832年1月，“贝格尔”号停泊在大西洋中佛得角群岛的圣地亚哥岛。水兵们都去考察海水的流向。达尔文和他的助手背起背包，拿着地质锤，爬到山上去收集岩石标本。
在考察过程中，达尔文根据物种的变化，整日思考着一个问题：自然界的奇花异树，人类万物究意是怎么产生的？他们为什么会千变万化？彼此之间有什么联系？这些问题在脑海里越来越深刻，逐渐使他对神创论和物种不变论产生了怀疑。
1832年2月底，“贝格尔”号到达巴西，达尔文上岸考察，向船长提出要攀登南美洲的安第斯山。 当他们爬到海拔4000多米的高山上时，达尔文意外地在山顶上发现了贝壳化石。达尔文非常吃惊，他心中想到：“海底的贝壳怎么会跑到高山上了呢？”经过反复思索，他终于明白了地壳升降的道理。达尔文脑海中一阵翻腾，对自己的猜想有了更进一步的认识：“物种不是一成不变的，而是随着客观条件的不同而相应变异！”
后来，达尔文又随船横渡太平洋，经过澳大利亚，越过印度洋，绕过好望角，于1836年10月回到英国。在历时五年的环球考察中，达尔文积累了大量的资料。回国之后，他一面整理这些资料，一面又深入实践，同时，查阅大量书籍，为他的生物进化理论寻找根据。1842年，他第一次写出《物种起源》的简要提纲。1859年11月达尔文经过20多年研究而写成的科学巨著《物种起源》终于出版了。在这部书里，达尔文旗帜鲜明地提出了“进化论”的思想，说明物种是在不断的变化之中，是由低级到高级、由简单到复杂的演变过程。
这部著作的问世，第一次把生物学建立在完全科学的基础上，以全新的生物进化思想，推翻了“神创论”和物种不变的理论。《物种起源》是达尔文进化论的代表作，标志着进化论的正式确立。
《物种起源》的出版，在欧洲乃至整个世界都引起轰动。它沉重地打击了神权统治的根基，从反动教会到封建御用文人都狂怒了。他们群起攻之，诬蔑达尔文的学说“亵渎圣灵”，触犯“君权神授天理，”有失人类尊严。
与此相反，以赫胥黎为代表的进步学者，积极宣传和捍卫达尔文主义。指出：进化论轰开了人们的思想禁锢，启发和教育人们从宗教迷信的束缚下解放出来。
紧接着，达尔文又开始他的第二部巨著《动物和植物在家养下的变异》的写作，以不可争辩的事实和严谨的科学论断，进一步阐述他的进化论观点，提出物种的变异和遗传、生物的生存斗争和自然选择的重要论点，并很快出版这部巨著。晚年的达尔文，尽管体弱多病，但他以惊人的毅力，顽强地坚持进行科学研究和写作，连续出版了《人类的由来》等很多著作。达尔文本人认为“他一生中主要的乐趣和唯一的事业”,是他的科学著作。还有一些在旅行中直接考察得到的最重要的科学成果，如：达尔文本人所写的著名的《考察日记》和《贝格尔号地质学》、《贝格尔号的动物学》等。在他的著作中，具有特别重大历史意义的是《物种起源》，表明达尔文的进化论思想和自然选择理论的逐步发展过程。《物种起源》的出版是一件具有世界意义的大事，因为《物种起源》的出版标志着十九世纪绝大多数有学问的人对生物界和人类在生物界中的地位的看法发生了深刻的变化。《物种起源》的出版，引起造化论者和具有目的论情绪的科学家们（而这些人却是占绝大多数）对达尔文学说的猛烈攻击，也引起维护达尔文主义的相应斗争，积极参加这一斗争的除达尔文本人外还有进步的博物学家；他们到处都成为达尔文学说的热烈拥护者。
1882年4月19日，这位伟大的科学家因病逝世，人们把他的遗体安葬在牛顿的墓旁，以表达对这位科学家的敬仰。

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