英语翻译The essential feature of mental retardation ,according to the DSM-IV-TR ,is "significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning that is accompanied by significant limitations in adaptive functioning in at least two of the following

英语翻译The essential feature of mental retardation ,according to the DSM-IV-TR ,is "significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning that is accompanied by significant limitations in adaptive functioning in at least two of the following
英语翻译
The essential feature of mental retardation ,according to the DSM-IV-TR ,is "significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning that is accompanied by significant limitations in adaptive functioning in at least two of the following skill areas:communication,self-care,home living,social/interpersonal skills,use of community resources,self-direction,functional academic skills,work,leisure,health,and safety"(APA,2000,p.41).Onset of the disorder must be before age 18 years.Mental retardation generally involves deficits in many if not most areas of functioning,whereas autism involves deficits in some areas (e.g.,social,communicative) but not others (e.g.,physical development,motor skills).At least 75% of children with autism also meet criteria for mental retardation (Bryson,Clark,& Smith,1988).These disorders may be collectively referred to as pervasive developmental disabilities.
In Jennie's case,her intellectual functioning had not been formally tested because of her unwillingness to participate (hence the proposed diagnosis of mental retardation,unspecified type).Still,deficits in communication,self-care,social skills,self-direction,academics,and leisure were clearly evident.Despite these pervasive,almost psychotic-like deficits,however,most children with autism do not show symptoms of schizophrenia.In Jennie's case,for example,there was no history or evidence of delusions,hallucinations,or catatonia.
The assessment of a child with autism or mental retardation must concentrate on different areas of possibly impaired functioning.Most centrally,this involves an assessment of the child's intellectual functioning when possible.Standardized intelligence tests for evaluating typical children include the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (Roid,2003),Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence(Wechsler,2002),and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (Wechsler,2003).However,these tests are not applicable to many children with autism or mental retardation because of the tests' heavy reliance on verbal content and language comprehension.Thus,an accurate picture of intellectual functioning in this population is often not possible.
不好意思,有些长.请耐心帮忙翻译!

英语翻译The essential feature of mental retardation ,according to the DSM-IV-TR ,is "significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning that is accompanied by significant limitations in adaptive functioning in at least two of the following
DSM-IV-TR认为,智力缺陷的本质特征乃是“在信息交流、自律、家庭生活、个人生活、人际关系技巧、使用通信资源、自我指导、实用理论技巧、工作、放松、健康和自我安全等方面中,有两项或以上明显低于正常人水平”.智力缺陷所带来的生活紊乱在18岁之前必然会发作.智力迟钝一般包括多个方面的机能缺陷,但是孤僻则仅仅包含几个方面的机能缺陷.至少75%的孤僻儿童被误认为是智力缺陷者.这一误解将对这些儿童的未来发展产生更加深远的负面影响.
在Jennie的例子中,由于她个人不愿参加智力测试,因而智力测试并没有进行.但她在交流、自我保护、社交技巧、自我引导、学习以及休息等方面存在着明显的不足.除了这些普遍的、类似精神缺陷的症状之外,大部分孤僻儿童都没有表现出精神分裂的症状.例如在Jennie的例子中,她并没有出现过错觉、幻觉和莫名紧张等症状.（Jennie虽然不愿参加测试,并且有一系列问题,但也只是孤僻儿童的问题）
关于儿童到底是患有孤僻症还是患有智力缺陷的评定,必须注重于儿童多方面的机能.最重要的是,这一评定包括在可能的时候对儿童智力功能的测试.为儿童专门制定的通用的智力测试包括：斯坦福智力测试、威斯勒幼儿测试和威斯勒智力测试（这几个名字你看着翻译吧）.但是,由于这些测试都需要口头表达和语言交流,因而对不太适合于孤僻儿童和智力缺陷儿童（也就是说只适合于正常儿童）.因而,对于儿童智力的准确测试和描述还存在着不少困难.
难度还好吧,不用追加分数了,100分不少了