international business4 Two macro factors seem to underlie the trend toward greater globalization.The first is the decline in barriers to the free flow of goods,services,and capital that has occurred since the end of World War II.The second factor is

international business4 Two macro factors seem to underlie the trend toward greater globalization.The first is the decline in barriers to the free flow of goods,services,and capital that has occurred since the end of World War II.The second factor is
international business
4 Two macro factors seem to underlie the trend toward greater globalization.The first is the decline in barriers to the free flow of goods,services,and capital that has occurred since the end of World War II.The second factor is technological change,particularly the dramatic developments in recent years in communication,information processing,and transportation technologies.
7 In a pure market economy all productive activities are privately owned,as opposed to being owned by the state.The goods and services that a country produces,and the quantity in which they are produced,are not planned by anyone.Production is determined by the interaction of supply and demand and signaled to producers through the price system.If demand for a product exceeds supply,prices will fall,signaling producers to produce less.In this system consumers are sovereign.The purchasing patterns of consumers,as signaled to producers through the mechanism of the price system,determine what is produced and in what quantity.
12 Porter theorizes that four broad attributes of a nation shape the environment in which local firms compete,and these attributes promote or impede the creation of competitive advantage.These attributes are
○Factor endowments---a nation’s position in factors of production such as skilled labor or the infrastructure necessary to compete in a given industry.
○Demand conditions---the nature of home demand for the industry’s product or service.
○Relating and supporting industries---the presence or absence of supplier industries and related industries that are internationally competitive.
○Firm strategy,structure,and rivalry---the conditions governing how companies are created,organized,and managed and the nature of domestic rivalry.
13 A tariff is a tax levied on imports.Tariffs fall into two categories.Specific tariffs are levied as a fixed charge for each unit of a good imported (for example,$3 per barrel of oil).Ad valorem tariffs are levied as a proportion of the value of the imported good.The European Union has imposed such a tariff on imports of bananas from Latin America; the tariff amounts to 15 to 20 percent by value on the first 2.5 million tons of imports of bananas from Latin America.
14 The important thing to understand about a tariff is who suffers and who gains.The government gains,because the tariff increases government revenues.Domestic producers gain,because the tariff affords them some protection against foreign competitors by increasing the cost of imported foreign goods.Consumers lose because they must pay more for certain imports.
17 A variant on the import quota is the voluntary export restraint (VER).A voluntary export restraint is a quota on trade imposed by the exporting country,typically at the request of the importing country’s government.

international business4 Two macro factors seem to underlie the trend toward greater globalization.The first is the decline in barriers to the free flow of goods,services,and capital that has occurred since the end of World War II.The second factor is
国际商业
4月2宏观调控的因素,似乎理解走向更大的全球化.首先是下降的障碍,货物的自由流通,服务和资本已发生自二战结束.第二个因素是技术变革,尤其是戏剧性的发展,近年来,在通讯,信息加工,运输技术.
7日在一个纯粹的市场经济,所有的生产活动是由私人拥有,作为反对被国家所拥有.货物和服务,一个国家的产生,和数量,在他们所制作的,是没有计划任何人.生产是由相互作用的供应和需求,并示意向生产者通过价格体系.如果需求的产品超过供应,价格就会下降,信号生产者生产较少.在这个系统中,消费者主权.采购模式的消费者,标志着向生产者通过该机制的价格体系,确定什么是制作和在什么数量.
12 ,波特认为,theorizes四个广泛的属性,一个民族的形成环境,使当地企业的竞争,以及这些属性,促进或阻碍创造竞争优势.这些属性
○要素禀赋---一个民族的立场,在生产要素,如熟练劳动力或必要的基础设施竞争,在一个特定行业.
○需求条件---的性质,首页的需求,为业界提供的产品或服务.
○有关,并支持产业---存在或没有供应商行业及相关行业的有国际竞争力.
○企业战略,结构和竞争---条件的公司如何创造,有组织,有管理的性质和国内竞争.
13日的关税是一个征税进口.关税可分为两类.具体的关税征收作为一个固定收费,每个单位一个良好的输入（例如,3美元至每桶石油） .从价关税征收作为一个比例的价值,进口的好.欧洲联盟施加的这样一个关税对进口香蕉来自拉丁美洲;电费数额,以15 ％到20 ％ ,以价值计算,就第一二百五点○○○万吨进口香蕉来自拉丁美洲.
14件重要的事是了解的关税是谁受害,谁收益.政府的收益,因为加价,政府的收入.国内生产者的增益,因为关税使它们一些保护,以免外国竞争者增加的成本,进口的外国商品.消费者失去了,因为他们必须支付更多的对某些进口.
17日的一个变种,对进口配额是自愿出口限制（查看） .1自愿出口限制是一个配额的贸易所施加的出口国,通常在要求进口国的政府.