英语作文历史建筑
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篇一:中外建筑历史与理论
古罗马与古希腊建筑的比较 古代罗马建筑是建筑艺术宝库中的一颗明珠,它承载了古希腊文明中的建筑风格,
凸显地中海地区特色,同时又是古希腊建筑的一种发展。罗马建筑与其雕塑艺术大相径庭,以建筑的对称、宏伟而文明世界。
古罗马建筑特点 古罗马建筑的类型很多,有罗马万神庙、维纳斯和罗马庙 ,以及巴尔贝克(在今黎巴嫩)太阳神庙等宗教建筑,也有皇宫、剧场、角斗场、浴场以及广场和巴西利卡(长方形会堂)等公共建筑。居住建筑有内庭式住宅、内庭式与围柱式院相结合的住宅,还有四、五层公寓式住宅。
古罗马世俗建筑的形制相当成熟,与功能结合得很好。例如,罗马帝国各地的大型剧场,观众席平面呈半圆形,逐排升起,以纵过道为主、横过道为辅。观众按票号从不同的入口、楼梯,到达各区座位。人流不交叉,聚散方便。舞台高起,前有乐池,后面是化妆楼,化妆楼的立面便是舞台的背景,两端向前凸出,形成台口的雏形,已与现代大型演出性建筑物的基本形制相似。古罗马多层公寓常用标准单元。一些公寓底层设商店,楼上住户有阳台。这种形制同现代公寓也大体相似。从剧场、角斗场、浴场和公寓等形制来看,当时建筑设计这门技术科学已经相当发达。古罗马建筑师维特鲁威写的《建筑十书》就是这门科学的总结[古罗马建筑能满足各种复杂的功能要求,主要依靠水平很高的拱券结构,获得宽阔的内部空间。古罗马建筑艺术成就很高,大型建筑物风格雄浑凝重,构图和谐统一,形式多样。罗马人开拓了新的建筑艺术领域,丰富了建筑艺术手法。
古罗马建筑影响
公元4世纪下半叶起,古罗马建筑渐趋衰落。15世纪后,经过文艺复兴、古典主义、古典复兴以及19世纪初期法国的“帝国风格”的提倡,古罗马建筑在欧洲重新成为学习的范例。这种现象一直持续到20世纪20~30年代。古罗马建筑的书籍和图画在明代末年开始传入中国。意大利传教士利玛窦从意大利索来《罗马古城舆图》画册3卷,存放北京耶稣会图书馆。1672年,意大利传教士阿莱尼带两册《广舆图说》到中国。这些书里有罗马角斗场、浴场、神庙和罗马街市的图画。此外,17世纪初,北京耶稣会图书馆里有过 3册维特鲁威的《建筑十书》。但古罗马建筑当时对中国建筑没有发生实际影响。
古代希腊是欧洲文化的发源地,古希腊建筑开欧洲建筑的先河。古希腊的发展时期大致为公元前8~前1世纪,即到希腊被罗马兼并为止。
古希腊建筑特点
古希腊建筑的结构属梁柱体系,早期主要建筑都用石料。限于材料性能,石梁跨度一般
是4~5米,最大不过7~8米。石柱以鼓状砌块垒叠而成,砌块之间有榫卯或金属销子连
接。墙体也用石砌块垒成,砌块平整精细,砌缝严密,不用胶结材料。虽然古希腊建筑形式
变化较少,内部空间封闭简单,但后世许多流派的建筑师,都从古希腊建筑中得到借鉴。
根据所遗留下来的希腊建筑,我们可以归纳出古希腊建筑的几大特点。第一特点是平
面构成为1:1.618或1:2的矩形,中央是厅堂,大殿,周围是柱子,可统称为环柱式建
筑。这样的造型结构,使得古希腊建筑更具艺术感。因为在阳光的照耀下,各建筑产生出丰
富的光影效果和虚实变化,与其他封闭的建筑相比,阳光的照耀消除了封闭墙面的沉闷之感,
加强了希腊建筑的雕刻艺术的特色。第二特点是:柱式的定型。共有四种柱式:1. 多立克
柱式(Doric),2. 爱奥尼克柱式,3. 科林斯式柱式(Corinthian),4. 女郎雕像柱式。这四种柱
式是在人们的摸索中慢慢形成的,后面的柱式总与前面柱式之间有一定的联系,有一定的进
步意义。第三特点是:建筑的双面披坡屋顶形成了建筑前后的山花墙装饰的特定的手法。古
希腊建筑中有圆雕,高浮雕,浅浮雕等装饰手法,创造了独特的装饰艺术。第四特点是:由
平民进步的艺术趣味而产生的崇尚人体美与数的和谐。第五特点是:建筑与装饰均雕刻化。
希腊的建筑与希腊雕刻是紧紧结合在一起的。可以说,希腊建筑就是用石材雕刻出来的艺术
品。
古希腊建筑影响
古希腊建筑通过它自身的尺度感,体量感,材料的质感,造型色彩以及建筑自身所载
的绘画及雕刻艺术给人以巨大强烈的震撼,它强大的艺术生命力令它经久不衰。它的梁柱结
构,它的建筑构件特定的组合方式及艺术修饰手法,深深地久远地影响欧洲建筑达两千年之
久。因此我们可以说,古希腊的建筑是西欧建筑的开拓者。
古罗马与古希腊建筑的比较
1.建筑风格比较
古希腊作为欧洲文明的摇篮,它的建筑集中了各种艺术形式的精华。古希腊艺术杰作的
普遍优点在于高贵的单纯和肃穆的伟大。古希腊建筑风格的特点主要是和谐、完美、崇高。
而古希腊的神庙建筑则是这些风格特点的集中体现者。
古罗马的建筑则是全面继承了古希腊建筑的宝贵成就,但生性奔放的罗马人却没有继承
希腊建筑中的凝重,却赋予建筑一种热烈、富丽、喧闹的气氛。古罗马建筑以其辉煌的拱券
和公共建筑向世界展示她的魅力,更重要的是古罗马将柱式与拱券完美的结合,至今令人回
味无穷。
2.柱式比较
古希腊的“柱式”,这种规范和风格的特点是,追求建筑的檐部(包括额枋、檐壁、檐
口)及柱子(柱础、柱身、柱头)的严格和谐的比例和以人为尺度的造型格式。古希腊最典
型、最辉煌,也是意味最深长的柱式主要有三种,即多立克、爱奥尼和科林斯柱式。多立克
的柱头是简单而刚挺的倒立圆锥台,柱身凹槽相交成锋利的棱角,没有柱础,雄壮的柱身从
台面上拔地而起,柱子的收分和卷杀十分明显,力透着男性体态的刚劲雄健之美。爱奥尼柱
式,其外在形体修长、端丽,柱头则带婀娜潇洒的两个涡卷,尽展女性体态的清秀柔和之美。
科林斯的柱身与爱奥尼相似,而柱头则更为华丽,形如倒钟,四周饰以锯齿状叶片,宛如满
盛卷草的花篮。从比例与规范来看,多立克一般是柱高为底径的4--6倍,檐部高度约为整
个柱子的1/4,而柱子之间的距离,一般为柱子直径的1.2--1.5倍,十分协调、规整而完美。
爱奥尼柱式,柱高一般为底径的9--10倍,檐部高度约为整个柱式的1/5,柱子之间的距离
约为柱子直径的两倍,十分有序而和美。科林斯柱式,在比例、规范上与爱奥尼克相似。多
立克柱式为构图原则的帕特农神庙、阿菲亚神庙;以爱奥尼柱式为构图原则的伊端克先神庙
和帕加蒙的宙斯神坛;以科林斯柱式为构图原则的典型作品列雪格拉德纪念亭等。当然代表
性的建筑群体就是雅典卫城了。
古罗马建筑也为我们发展了美轮美奂的立柱。 维尼臭拉依照公元1世纪意大利建筑师
维特鲁威在世纪之交的做法及其同代人帕拉第臭和斯卡莫齐的做法,确立了五种建筑柱式:
托斯卡纳柱式、多立斯柱式,爱奥尼亚柱式、科林斯柱式以及组合柱式。前三种柱式与希腊
人用的柱式相似,而后两种则是罗马建筑师自己的创新。
1.托斯卡纳柱式 这是一种外形较简单、几何图案不够优美的柱式。这些特点使其外观
显得分外牢固。
2.多立斯柱式 虽然多立斯柱式很像托斯卡纳柱式,但其柱顶檐部精雕细刻的雕带使之
与托斯卡纳柱式相区别。 3.爱奥尼亚柱式 为罗马建筑中最精致的柱式之一,特点在于柱
头上的四个称作涡旋的涡卷形装饰。
4,科林斯柱式 特点是柱头有用大量爵床叶构成的装饰,爵床叶上面成串的涡旋比爱奥
尼亚柱式上的涡旋要小。 5.组合柱式 这种柱式无论尺寸还是装饰均与科林斯柱式极为相
似,唯一的区别是其柱头的涡旋极多。
罗马建筑师在同一建筑物中同时运用各种柱式,而且最终的效果颇为和谐,这一点可以
在罗马的弗拉维竞技场(即大角斗场)的外部正面得到印证。
3.艺术风格比较
古希腊建筑风格的特点主要是和谐、完美、崇高。而古希腊的神庙建筑则是这些风格特
点的集中体现者,也是古希腊,乃至整个欧洲最伟大、最辉煌、影响最深远的建筑。这些风
格特点,在古希腊神庙的各个方面都有鲜明的表现。首先是柱式。古希腊的“柱式”,不仅仅
是一种建筑部件的形式,而且更准确地说,它是一种建筑规范的风格,这种规范和风格的特
点是,追求建筑的檐部(包括额枋、檐壁、檐口)及柱子(柱础、柱身、柱头)的严格和谐
的比例和以人为尺度的造型格式。古希腊最典型、最辉煌,也是意味最深长的柱式主要有三
种,即多立克柱式(Doric Order)、爱奥尼柱式(Ionic Order)和科林斯柱式(Corinthian Order)。
这些柱式,不仅外在形体直观地显示出和谐、完美、崇高的风格,而且其比例规范也无不显
出和谐与完美的风格。
古罗马的建筑艺术是古希腊建筑艺术的继承和发展。古罗马的建筑不仅借助更为先进的
技术手段,发展了古希腊艺术的辉煌成就,而且也将古希腊建筑艺术风格的和谐、完美、崇
高的特点,在新的社会、文化背景下,从“神殿”转入世俗,赋予这种风格以崭新的美学趣味
和相应的形式特点。建筑的基本原则应当是“须讲求规例、配置、匀称、均衡、合宜以及经
济”。这可以说是对古罗马建筑特点及其艺术风格的一种理论总结。在这些特点中,显然仍
有着古希腊建筑的和谐、完美、崇高的风格内容,但是“合宜以及经济”的杠杆,又显然将古
希腊建筑风格的“神”意,转变为了世俗的人意。这一点,可以直接地从建筑类型、建筑外观
的设计方面看出。 4.建筑目的比较
古罗马建筑在古代社会,具有无以伦比的实用性。和古希腊流产至今的神庙等建筑相比,
古罗马有大量的世俗建筑。这可以说是建筑目的的不同。古罗马人天性是极好的工程师。很
大程度上,也得益于拱的大规模应用。城市土地高低不平,古罗马人会大规模用拱,强力将
城市抬升为一片平地。古希腊的剧场只能依山形而建。从建筑空间,人流组织上,古罗马与
古希腊的剧场原理没有不同。但古罗马使用拱,将观众席抬升起来,比如斗兽场。城市水源
不足,古罗马使用拱,建筑几十公里的水道引水。许多拱桥,今天仍然完好。古罗马道路也
极为出色。
5.建筑材料比较
传世的古希腊建筑为石材,大理石为主。受限制较大。古罗马发明了混凝土,用火山灰
为粘合剂。这样,就可以使用碎砖,碎石等材料。万神庙。 8、由于材料的不同,古希腊必
须大量使用自由工匠,技艺要求很高。雅典娜卫城成为古希腊建筑的代表,不是偶然的。而
古罗马没有大量的自由工匠,但是混凝土的发明,使他们能大量使用奴隶进行劳动。
6.主要成就比较
古希腊成就 :确立了一些建筑物的形制,形成了稳定的柱式,发展了建筑和建筑群设
计的艺术原则。古希腊建筑毕竟还处在“萌芽和胚胎”的时代。它们的类型还少、形制很简
单、结构比较幼稚、发展的速度也很缓慢。
古罗马建筑直接继承并大大推进了古希腊建筑成就,开拓了新的建筑领域,丰富了建
筑艺术手法,在建筑型制、艺术和技术方面的广泛成就,达到了奴隶制时代建筑的最高峰。
继承古希腊柱式并发展为五种柱式:塔司干柱式、罗马多立克柱式、罗马爱奥尼柱式、科林
斯柱式、混合柱式。解决了拱券结构的笨重墙墩与柱式艺术风格的矛盾,创造了券柱式。 解
决了柱式与多层建筑的矛盾,发展了叠柱式,创造了水平立面划分构图形式。适应高大建筑
体量构图,创造了巨柱式的垂直式构图形式。创造了拱券与柱列的组合,将券脚立在柱式檐
部上的连续券。解决了柱式线脚与巨大建筑体积的矛盾,用一组线脚或复合线脚代替简单的
线脚。 利用筒拱、交叉拱、十字拱、穹隆和拱券平衡技术,创造出拱券覆盖的单一空间,
单向纵深空间,序列式组合空间等多种建筑形式。
每个人对美都怀有深深地热爱、独到的见解和美好的追求,这也正是艺术多彩多样的
原因之一。如果说建筑是艺术的总汇,那将会是无数人们共同的追求!不管是古希腊还是古
罗马建筑,它们不仅让我们的生活有了居住之所,更重要的是,它丰富了我们的精神生活,
是我们感知世界、认知世界的一部分。
这些都是我在中外建筑史这本书里自己读到的能理解的东西,建筑伴随着人类度过了漫
长的岁月,由于各国的物产、气候、地理、交通等各种因素的不同,每个地方的建筑都有自
己的特点。以后在生活中我自己也会多关注一些各国建筑发展的历史和特点,特别要对我们
中国的木构造建筑和清式建筑进行全面的了解。总而言之,我要了解中外建筑史。
篇二:雅思写作大作文范文18:如何看待旧建筑
雅思写作大作文范文18:如何看待旧建筑
雅思写作中大作文占的比重颇高,话题涵盖学术、生活等各个领域。100教育小编为你整理了雅思写作大作文范文,以下是关于文化-如何看待旧建筑,希望对考生们有所帮助!
简单地说,文化是指社会或者社会人群的生活方式和生活习惯。文化虽然是很抽象的概念,但它的影响却无处不在,包括以下一些方面:
? 服饰:每一种文化都有自己特殊的服装。中国是一个典型的例子:中国作为一个多民族国家,每个民族都有自己的特色服装,其中服装的样式、颜色和其他特点都反映了民族的文化、习俗、生活习惯以及审美观点。然而,由于西方文化的盛行,西装已在世界各国普遍流行并为人们广泛接受;
? 饮食习惯:每一种文化都有自己特殊的饮食习惯。中国、日本、韩国、泰国以及墨西哥等地的民族食物风靡世界,美国快餐文化影响了很多国家的饮食习惯,这都是雅思作文考试中经常出现的话题。饮食习惯的不同也体现在饮食的工具(筷子和刀叉的区别)、饮食的场合(中国人更喜欢聚餐,而西方人喜欢自助)、饮食的环境(中国的餐桌一般是圆的,而且比较大,而外国的餐桌一般是方的,两人桌居多)等;
? 语言:每一种文化都有自己特殊的语言,而每一种语言又有它特殊的文化背景。全球化影响了文化的多样性,同时也影响了语言的多样性。语言学习经常要和文化结合在一起;
? 礼仪:每一种文化都有自己特殊的礼仪。礼仪主要体现在社交、节日和庆祝方式方面。比如,中国有中秋节,而西方国家则没有这个节日。此外,生日聚会、婚礼、葬礼等等,也都体现了文化的差异;
? 宗教信仰、思维方式、价值观:中同人家庭观念和集体观念较强,而外国
人个人意识较强;中国人喜欢储蓄、讲究孝道,而外国人则没有这种习惯和意识;
? 行为习惯:西方人同性之间比较忌讳勾肩搭背,交流中忌讳打听对方衣服的价格和工资;中国人喜欢比较商品价格和家庭收人,交谈时喜欢靠近对方,以表示对对方的信任和对话题的重视。
文化的重要性:
? 使人们了解自己的特点、文化背景,具有较强的身份感(sense of
identify);
? 对于整个人类社会而言,文化的多元性可以保证人们用不同的方式看待问题;
? 和生物多样性类似,文化多样性对人类的长期存在有深远影响(the
long-term survival of humanity )。
Topic: People think that old buildings should be knocked down and give way to the new buildings. Do you agree or disagree? How important are old buildings to us?
相关观点:
保护老建筑的必要性:
? 建筑是一个地区社会习俗和历史的标志(symbol of the social customs and history of a place), 也是一种文化资源(cultural resource)。保护老建筑(old architectural works)实际上是保护文化 (preserve cultural values),让一个地区拥有丰富的建筑遗产(a rich variety of architectural heritages),有助于突出或者塑造一个地区的形象(create its identify)。老建筑是连接现在和过去的桥梁(bridge the present and the past history),拆毁老建筑会造成不可弥补的损失;
? 从美学角度讲,老建筑可以保持建筑的多样性(establish some
variations among the buildings), 独特性(rarity)和历史地位(historical roles)。虽然,建造宏伟的高层建筑(grand high-rising structures)是必须的,但是保持多样性(variety }也很重要;
? 一些历史建筑(historic buildings)或古建筑(archeological sites)应该修复成原来的状态 (restored to its original/ authentic state of existence),这些建筑物具有观光价值;
? 建筑费用的增加使老建筑具备一定的经济价值(of economic
values)。 保护老建筑的不利之处:? 老建筑(aged buildings)的维护与经济的发展有冲突(an antithesis of development),缺乏经济价值(lack of economic values);
?老建筑的维护需要特别的技艺(craftsmanship),也需要大量的金钱和时间(commitment of time and money);
? 一些老建筑已经破烂不堪(worn out),不具备应用价值(not in a usable state),甚至可能危及生命。
范文:
Every item of property has its own lifespan. So does every building. City planners are very often confronted with a debate concealing whether an old building should be deconstructed or maintained. In my opinion, it depends on whether the targeted building can satisfy the needs of the city.
There is no denying that some old buildings are of aesthetic,
archaeological or architectural values. They might be either integral to a culture as a symbol of a city or country or unique in the domain of architecture. Demolition of such buildings will inflict damage to
cultural heritage and prevent architects from drawing their inspiration from their predecessors. Because of their uniqueness, old buildings are very likely to provide a source of tourism income, if maintained well. It is fair to say that old buildings of this kind are much more important than any new building and performing more functions than any new building does.
With regard to other old buildings, possessing no specific value while becoming dilapidated, entire destruction is an acceptable and
understandable decision. Low in quality and poor in conditions, some old
buildings are actually posing a danger on users and pedestrians. They might stand in the way of a new road line or impede other forms of urban development. Whether they have been renovated or not, these buildings blemish the landscape and provide no justification for continued
maintenance. Replacing old buildings with new ones meets the renewed needs of the city.
In summary, whether to conserve or pull down old buildings is a question that can only be answered on a case-by-case basis. People involved should carefully weigh up the pros and cons of new developments before reaching a conclusion.
近义词表:
1 evaluate = compare = estimate = weigh up = assess 衡量,评估,估量
2 improved = renewed = changed 更新的,提高的
3 renovate = restored = refbish = revamp 修补,重新装修
4 damage = spoil = ruin = blemish 破坏,损坏
5 pulling down - knocking down = desrtuction = demolition 破坏,毁坏
6 decaying = wrecked = dilapidate 破烂的,荒废的
7 cause = impose = inflict 导致,引起
8 domain = area = field 领域
9 artistic = aesthetic 艺术的,审美的
10 lifespan = lifetime = natural life 寿命,生命周期
文章来源:100教育 http://ielts.100.com/p/197773.html
篇三:英语作文介绍中国
What is China?
The ____________ of China, commonly known as China, is located in East Asia and borders ___________ or any other country in the world. It is the most populous state in the world with __________ citizens, while the world's population is
__________. That means _________ people in the world, one is Chinese. China is made of ________ distinctive ethnic groups with Han Chinese making the _______ of its whole population. China is a _________ party state governed by the Communist Party of China, whose power is enshrined in Chinese constitution. Though China is officially an atheist country, its religious roots lie within __________, Buddhism and __________, and from these most social and moral values are derived. There are also a significant number of Chinese ___________, who arrived via the _________ trade route and still retain their distinct culture.
is enshrined in Chinese constitution. Though China is officially an atheist country, its social and moral values are derived. There are also a significant number of Chinese
中华人民共和国,简称中国,位于东亚与14个国家或地区接壤。是世界人口最多的国家有13亿人口而世界人口是68亿,也就是说,世界人每5个人中就有一个是中国人。中国有56个民族汉族占总人口的92%。由中国共产党一党执政执政地位被写入了宪法中。中国奉行无神论,其宗教文化扎根于儒教、佛教和道教,社会道德也多根源于此。中国也有大量的穆斯林,沿丝绸之路到达中国,保持着自己的传统。
History历史
China is one of the world oldest civilizations, dating back more than 5 million years and was ruled by successive dynasties until 1912. During these times, many great discoveries in fields of science and technology were made, including the inventions of printing, paper, gunpowder and compass. This period also saw the construction of many landmarks, such as the Great Wall, which stretches over 4,000 miles; equals to 30 return travels from London to Paris. The Communist Party of China led by Mao gained control of mainland China in 1949 and established People's Republic of China. The modern China of today is as much shaped by its past as its rapidly looking to the future, while many of its big cities are comparable to any in the west, the underlying culture is still vastly different. Traveling outside large urban areas also highlights the growing disparity between rich and poor.
中国是文明古国之一,有五千年文明,世袭的封建王朝终结于1912年。中国古代有许多重要的科技发明,包括印刷术、造纸术、火药和指南针,也有很多著名的建筑比如绵延四千英里的长城。抗战和内战结束后毛泽东领导共产党于1949年夺取了中国大陆的政权,建立了中华人民共和国。中国历史和未来塑造了当今的中国许多城市很像西方的大城市,但二者存在着巨大的文化差异走出城市就能看到不断增大的城乡贫富差距。
Language语言
Chinese which is the most widely spoken language in the world as well as one of the most impenetrable for foreigners. There are many regional dialects of Chinese although the most widely spoken is Mandarin and Cantonese. Chinese characters evolved over time from earlier forms of hieroglyphs. Chinese contains over 49,000 characters, but a well-educated person can recognize around 6,000 characters, some 3,000 are required to read a newspaper.
汉语是世界上使用最广泛同时让外国人最难搞懂的语言之一。汉语的方言很多,使用最多的是普通话和粤语,汉字发源于象形文字,有超过四万个汉字,受过良好教育的人能认识大约六千个字,阅读报纸需要认识三千字左右。
Chinese Calendar农历
Chinese Zodiac's a scheme that relates each year to an animal, this is the year of rabbit. Chinese new year is the most important of traditional Chinese holidays, windows and doors will be decorated with red color paper-cuts and couplets with popular themes of happiness, wealth and longevity. On the Eve of Chinese New Year, supper is a feast with families. The family will end the night with firecrackers. Early the next morning, children will meet their parents by wishing them a healthy and happy new year and receive money in red paper envelopes. Chinese people love red color, which symbolizes prosperity and good luck. The period around Chinese new year is also the time of the largest human migration, and between 150 and 200 million migrant workers in China, bring home their earnings and go to have a unit dinner with their families on Chinese new year eve.
中国用十二生肖来代表年份,今年是免年。农历新年是最重要的传统节日,门窗会贴上红色的剪纸和对联,象征幸福、富裕和长寿。除夕夜,家人会一起吃年夜饭,过年时会放鞭炮。大年初一,小孩子会给长辈拜年,长辈则会发红包。中国人喜欢红色,红色象征着繁荣和吉利。最大规模的人类迁徙也发生于春节期间,
1.5亿到两亿农民工,会带回一年的收入,和家人一起吃团圆饭。
Youth青年
Most married couples in China are subjected to one child policy, which is introduced in 1979 to curb massive population growth. It is believed to have prevented more than 300 million births since then. Another consequence of the policy has been the
emergence of so called "little emperors", a generation of self-centered consumes has developed, while Chinese education system has rapidly developed there remains a heavy emphasis on passing exams. The upshot of this is that exams dictate the
curriculum, while Chinese students can master and memorize incredible amounts of knowledge and information. They often lack the ability to critically think, develop their own opinions, and engage in creative activities. Due to the propensity for
preferring sons over daughters, China is facing a large population imbalance with currently around 120 boys born for every 100 girls. By 2020, there will be 30 million more men than women.
大多数夫妻都需要遵守一胎化政策,这是1979年制定的控制人口增长的政策据信,该政策避免了3亿人口的出生。政策的另一个结果是造就了一代“小皇帝”,以自我为中心的一代人。中国的教育在快速发展,但仍然以应试为主,课程学习都以考试为中心,中国的学生能记住大量的知识和信息,但却缺乏批判性思维、独立思考和创新的能力。由于更加偏爱男孩,中国失衡的男女性别比达到了120比100,到2020年,男性将比女性多三千万。
Economy经济
Since economic opening up and reform policy began in 1978, China's economy has grown 90 times bigger and is the fastest growing major economy in the world. China's annual average GDP growth is predicted to be 9.5 percent for the period of 2011 to 2015. It is the world's largest exporter, and the second largest importer of goods. It is also known as the world's second biggest consumer of luxury goods. It now has the world's second largest GDP at about 6 trillion US dollars, 40 percent of the United States. Although its per capita income of 4300 US dollar is still low, and puts China behind roughly a hundred countries. China's growth has been uneven when comparing different geographic regions and rural and urban areas. Development has also been mainly concentrated in the eastern coastal regions, while the remainder of this country are left behind. In the past decade, China's cities expanded at an average rate of 10 percent annually, a scale unprecedented in human history.
自1978年改革开放以来,中国经济增长了90倍,是增长最快的主要经济体。预测2011年到2015年,平均GDP增长会保持9.5%。中国是世界最大的出口国,第二大进口国,也是世界第二大奢侈品消费国。目前的GDP位于世界第二,大约6万亿美元,相当于美国的四成,但人均只有4300美元,排名一百位开外
不同地区、城乡之间发展也不均衡,发达地区集中在东南沿海,其余地方则普遍落后。过去十年,城市以年均10%的速度扩张,这是人类历史上前所未有的规模。 China is a country crazy for skyscrapers to show its economic booming. More than 200 skyscrapers are being built now. Within next three years, there will be one
skyscrapers completed every five days in China, which will make the total 800 in five years time, 4 times as many in the States. China is the world's factory. One out of every three household appliances/three toys/two pairs of shoes/two shirts are made in China. It has now become the world's largest energy consumer, but relies on coal to supply about 70 percent of energy needs. Leading Chinese environmental
campaigners have warned that water pollution is one of the most serious threats facing China now. Yet with 34.6 billion US dollars invested in clean technology in 2009, China is the world's leading investor in renewable energy technologies. China
produces more wind turbines and solar panels each year than any other country in the world.
中国喜欢用摩天大楼来显示经济实力,现在有超过200幢在建,未来三年,每五天就会有一幢摩天大楼竣工,五年内总共达到800幢,比美国多四倍。中国是世界工厂,每三件家电、三件玩具,两双鞋子、两件衣服中,就有一件是由中国制造,是世界最大的能源消费国,但七成能源由煤炭提供。环保人士警告说,水污
染是中国最严重的环境问题,但2009年中国就向清洁能源投资了346亿美元,成为世界最大的可再生能源投资国,是风力发电机和太阳能电池板最大的生产国。 Food饮食
Being such a large and ethnically diverse country, each region has its own local specialties which the Chinese are often keen to try and introduce to others.
由于幅员辽阔和民族众多,每个地方都有自己的特色,中国人也乐于向外人推荐 Generally you will find hot and spicy food in the western and central China and cooler food in the south and north.
总的来说西南和中部的味道偏辣而南方和北方清淡
A Chinese dining table is usually round allowing everyone to engage equally in conversation.
餐桌一般是圆形的,大家能平等交谈
It will be set with empty bowls, plates, and chopsticks for each person.
会摆放空碗、盘子和筷子
Food dishes are placed in the center of the table to be shared between everyone. 菜肴放在中间,一起分享
Don't be put off if you see people spitting bones/seeds onto the plate, this is perfectly normal.
看到有人把骨头吐在桌子上也别惊讶,这简直太正常了
Contrary to what you might find in your local China Town,
跟你在唐人街看到的不同
Chinese food is generally healthy and often beautifully presented. Texture, flavor, color, and aroma are key considerations for all Chinese cooks, even above nutritional contents.
中国的食物基本都很健康并且摆放美观,厨师注重菜肴的质、色、香、味,甚至比营养更重要
Chinese dining is about showing respect and hospitality for the guests and is often used as an extension of the boardroom.
请客吃饭是显示对客人的尊重和热情,家里的客厅就连着饭厅
Heaving drinking is often a part of doing business and it is expected that you'll keep up with others.
喝酒是做生意的一部分,你需要喝的跟别人一样多
If you do not want to drink alcohol, make it clear before you start.
如果你不能喝酒,一开始就需要表明
Core Concepts要点
Face (Mianzi)面子
The concept of "face" can be loosely described as someone's social status or reputation in the eyes of others.
面子是某个人在他人眼中的社会地位和名声
Throughout a Chinese person's life, it must be maintained and enhanced through giving to and receiving from others in both words and actions.
中国人的一生都必须用语言和行动相互维护和提升面子
It may be something as small as who gets in the lift first to the awarding of multi-million dollar contracts.
可以小到谁先上电梯,也可以大到百万美元的合同授予
But without it you will have very little power or influence.
没有面子也就没有影响力
To make someone lose face or even unknowingly is a huge dishonor and could mean the end of a relationship.
即使是无意中让别人没面子,也是极其严重的冒犯,可能意味着断绝关系 Connections (Guanxi)关系
Guanxi literally means "connections" or "relationship" as it essentially boils down to exchanging favors.
关系本质上就是个人利益的联系
"You scratch my back, I'll scratch yours".
互相帮忙,互相恩惠
It can loosely be compared with the idea of networking in the west,
跟西方社会的人际网络类似
but usually goes much further in terms of developing and nurturing the relationship through social exchanges and favors which must be repaid at greater value in time. 但是在培养关系的利益交换过程中,你需要在适当时间给对方足够的好处 Relationships between family, friends and business associates are often closely interwoven.
家人、朋友和商业伙伴的关系经常紧密交织
In such an environment, issues of corruption are not uncommon when guanxi obligations take precedence over normal rules or laws.
这样的环境中腐败从来都不是新鲜事,因为关系人情往往比规则甚至法律更重要 The Doctrine of the Mean (Zhong Yong)中庸
Known as the Doctrine of the Mean or Golden Mean, this concept involves balancing one's position among a group to maintain conformity and a sense of harmony. To do this while still achieving one's personal objectives is considered by the Chinese people the ideal way of living. This can be applied to the workplace, where one should behave in a way which is seen to be neither ambitious nor lazy at the same time. Chinese people never openly criticize, ignore or make fun of a person in front of others, even jokingly. When discussing individual performance, they always emphasize good points before bad ones.
中庸之道,是指个人保持跟群体的一致与和谐。中国人最理想的生活状态就是既中庸又能实现个人目标,工作中也是如此。员工要做到既不野心勃勃,又不懒惰懈怠。中国人不会公开批评、忽视或者取笑他人,即使是开玩笑,点评个人的成绩时,也总是先说优点、再讲不足
Differences差异
Chinese may ask you personal questions or make observations about your age, income, religion or appearance,
中国人可能会问你的私事,或者探寻你的年龄、收入、信仰和外貌
don't take it personally.
别往心里去
Likewise, Chinese rarely say "please" or "thank you" as this is seen as unnecessary formality between friends or family.
体裁作文