求1946年诺贝尔化学奖颁奖词 急是1964年的 写错了

求1946年诺贝尔化学奖颁奖词 急是1964年的 写错了
求1946年诺贝尔化学奖颁奖词 急
是1964年的 写错了

求1946年诺贝尔化学奖颁奖词 急是1964年的 写错了
各位陛下,王储殿下,女士们,先生们.
整整50年前,被授予诺贝尔奖,我们有很多理由为今天提醒. 马克斯冯劳厄被授予1914年诺贝尔物理学奖,根据引用,“他发现了衍射的X射线的水晶之都.正是这种已形成的解释,夫人多萝西克劳福特霍奇金被授予诺贝尔化学奖,今年工作的基础上的现象.
后不久冯劳厄的发现,这两个英文科学家布拉格 ,父亲和儿子,开始运用X射线衍射分析,以确定如何产生的化合物,原子与晶体中的每个其他位于.换句话说,他们试图找出通常被人称为“复合结构”之称.在这一领域的成功导致他们被共同授予1915年诺贝尔物理学奖.
一种化合物的结构,知识是绝对必要的,以便解释其属性和反应,并决定其如何从简单的化合物synthetized. 首先,只有很简单的结构性问题可以解决的X射线衍射,而这些问题,是从无机化学领域几乎完全.有机化合物含有碳化合物,通常有更复杂的结构,而这些,在现阶段太多的困难. 然而,即使在当时相当多的可能性存在确定如何对一种有机化合物的原子结合到对方,纯粹化学方法. 这些方法是基于在很大程度上取决于从19关于从一个碳原子的定向债券几何世纪后半期获得的知识.大分子被分解成的结构已知组成部分,有些想法是,如何对这些成分加入了这个大型分子往往可以通过synthetizing分子一起得到证实.
渐渐地,然而,这样庞大而复杂的分子达成了这些“经典”的方法不再产生了结果.这一点尤其是在对的分子构成生物体的一部分,参与许多重要的结构过程中的情况.在这种情况下,必须先获得物理学领域的帮助,首先利用了X光的有关化合物晶体衍射. .在随后发现的X射线衍射时期,这种结构的测定方法已发展到这种程度,到1940年它开始可以使用解决有机化合物的结构是由传统方法无法解决它.
然而,即使在今天的X结构的测定射线方法不会产生从实验数据的结构直接的路线.在复杂的情况下,科学家只获得了一个相当大的精神努力后,产生一些化学知识,想象力和直觉发挥重要组成部分.此外,实验数据往往要使用不同的处理数学处理,必须根据不同的情况.添加到这样一个事实,更复杂的结构,更成为了必须积累和处理实验数据量.对于相对简单的建物有可能进行的铅笔和纸张计算. 现在它几乎总是需要使用电子计算机,他们的到来作出了巨大的差异,以贯彻结构确定的可能性..但是,它不是通常可以只给实验数据,并获得了数字,使最后的结构,科学家的能力,处理数据仍然是至关重要的. 这是在这方面,霍奇金表明这种特殊技能.
.霍奇金夫人已经进行了大量的结构决定的主要物质,是重要的生化和医疗,但这些物质的两个值得一提依贝斯.这是青霉素和维生素B 12,其结构已变得完全通过她的努力,肯定知道.
在医学青霉素族开始对第二次世界大战的开始测试,其出色的抗生素特性意味着需求大量增加.因此,显然是可取的,以确定是否青霉素本身或其他具有类似作用的化合物可以通过化学方法制备.为此,必须确定的组成和青霉素结构,以及化学家和X一大批在英格兰和美国的射线晶体学家都对这个问题付诸表决.霍奇金夫人是在X发挥了主导作用射线晶体的工作,主要是她的努力而带来到一个令人满意的结果.这项工作开始于1942年,其结构经过四年的密集工作的阐述.这是透过有机化学,X射线晶体学家和物理化学和物理学的其他部门密切合作,显着科学家.一些的X -射线晶体学方法,在这里还首次.
夫人霍奇金青霉素结构的测定负有特殊的技巧和巨大的毅力证据.相当多的困难,但这并不是因为分子是特别多.然而,它拥有一些不明的特点,这意味着化学性质没有给予足够的指导.
.霍奇金夫人在1948年开始,她试图确定维生素B 12,曾在同年隔震结构.这种维生素可以synthetized某些细菌和真菌,其中一些发挥动物的消化过程中发挥积极作用. B的12条生产最为明显的反刍动物,谁似乎需要这种维生素,尤其是大量的.在其他高等动物的大部分,在男子例如,乙12生产规模小,他们的食物,因此必须包含足够数量现成乙12.饮食中缺乏,或吸收能力下降, 通过消化道的墙上这种维生素B的12,导致恶性贫血致命的血液状况的人.这种疾病可以随时拘捕乙12这是只有在非常需要少量注射.目前还不清楚如何买12的功能,在代谢过程,但为了开始提出这个问题,就必须了解详细结构得以稳定下来.
. 1956年,经过8年的工作,霍奇金夫人和她的合作者澄清了买12的结构.从来没有它得以确定这么大的分子的确切结构,结果一直被视为胜利的X射线晶体学技术.也有人,但是,霍奇金太太胜利.可以肯定的是,我们的目标绝不会在这一阶段就没有她的技能和特殊的直觉.
我们有理由希望,该买12的结构,作为这项工作的结果显示,详细的了解,将有可能都了解如何协助维生素在体内的新陈代谢和synthetize它.暂时它必须是通过细菌发酵产生.
霍奇金教授你多年来针对的晶体结构用X射线衍射技术确定你的努力.您已经解决了大量的结构性问题,在生物化学和医学十分重视多数,但有两个里程碑是突出.第一是对青霉素的结构,已作为一个宏伟的开局晶体学的新时代所描述的决心.第二,对维生素B 12的结构测定,一直被认为是至高无上的胜利的X射线晶体学分析,无论是在化学和生物的成果的重要性和结构极其复杂的尊重.
科学家在许多不同领域的工作,在X射线晶体学,化学,医学和欣赏极大的决心和技巧,涉及什么只能说是天才的直觉,这一直是你的工作商标描述.
在您的服务承认科学瑞典皇家科学院决定授予你化学今年的诺贝尔物理学奖.对我来说,已被授予向你转达学院的最衷心的祝贺和特权请你收到你从国王陛下手中奖.
1972从诺贝尔讲座 ,1963年至1970年化学爱思唯尔出版公司,阿姆斯特丹,1972年
赠送英文版：
Presentation Speech
Presentation Speech by Professor G. Hägg, Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences
Your Majesties, Your Royal Highnesses, Ladies and Gentlemen.
Exactly 50 years ago, a Nobel Prize was awarded which we have much reason to be reminded of today. Max von Laue was awarded the 1914 Nobel Prize for physics for, according to the citation, "his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals". It is this phenomenon which has formed the basis of the work for which Mrs. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin has been awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry this year.
Very soon after von Laue's discovery, the two English scientists Bragg, father and son, began to apply X-ray diffraction in order to determine how the atoms of a compound are situated in relation to each other in a crystal. In other words, they tried to find out what is usually known as the "structure" of the compound. Their successes in this field resulted in their being jointly awarded the 1915 Nobel Prize for physics.
Knowledge of a compound's structure is absolutely essential in order to interpret its properties and reactions and to decide how it might be synthetized from simpler compounds. To begin with, only very simple structural problems could be solved by X-ray diffraction, and these problems were taken almost entirely from the field of inorganic chemistry. Organic compounds, compounds containing carbon, usually have more complicated structures, and these presented too many difficulties at this stage. However, even then considerable possibilities existed for determining how the atoms of an organic compound are bonded to each other, by purely chemical methods. These methods were based largely upon the knowledge obtained from the latter half of the nineteenth century concerning the geometry of the bonds directed from a carbon atom. Large molecules were broken down into components whose structures were already known, and when some idea had been obtained of how these components were joined together in the large molecule this could often be confirmed by synthetizing the molecule.
Gradually, however, such large and complicated molecules were reached that these "classical" methods no longer yielded a result. This was particularly so in the case of the structures of many of the molecules which form part of living organisms and participate in the vital processes. In these instances it was necessary to obtain help from the field of physics, and in the first place use was made of X-ray diffraction by crystals of the compound concerned. During the period following the discovery of X-ray diffraction, this method of structure determination had been developed to such a degree that by the 1940's it began to be possible to use it for solving the structures of organic compounds which were insoluble by classical methods.
However, even today structure determination by X-ray methods does not yield a direct route from the experimental data to the structure. In complicated cases the scientist only obtains a result after considerable mental effort, in which chemical knowledge, imagination and intuition play a significant part. In addition, the experimental data often have to be processed using different mathematical treatments, which must be varied according to the circumstances. Add to this the fact that the more complicated the structure, the greater becomes the volume of experimental data which must be amassed and processed. For relatively simply built compounds it was possible to carry out the calculations with pencil and paper. Nowadays it is nearly always necessary to use electronic computers, and their arrival has made an enormous difference to the possibility of carrying out structure determinations. However, it is not usually possible to just feed in the experimental data, and get out the figures which give the final structure; the scientist's ability to handle the data is still of vital importance. It is in this respect that Mrs. Hodgkin has shown such exceptional skill.
Mrs. Hodgkin has carried out a large number of structure determinations, primarily of substances which are of importance biochemically and medically, but two of these substances deserve especial mention. These are penicillin and vitamin B12, whose structures have become completely and definitely known through her efforts.
The use of penicillin in medicine began to be tested about the beginning of the second world war, and its exceptional antibiotic properties meant that the demand increased enormously. It was therefore obviously desirable to find out whether penicillin itself or other related compounds having a similar effect could be prepared by chemical methods. For this purpose it was essential to determine the composition and structure of penicillin, and a large number of chemists and X-ray crystallographers in both England and the U.S.A. were put on to this problem. Mrs. Hodgkin was to play a leading part in the X-ray crystallographic work, and it was chiefly her efforts which brought it to a satisfactory conclusion. The work was begun in 1942 and the structure was elucidated after four years' intensive work. This was marked by close cooperation between organic chemists, X-ray crystallographers and scientists in other branches of physical chemistry and physics. A number of X-ray crystallographic methods were also used here for the first time.
Mrs. Hodgkin's determination of the structure of penicillin bears evidence of exceptional skill and great perseverance. The difficulties were considerable, but this was not because the molecule was particularly large. However, it possessed some unknown features, which meant that the chemical properties did not give sufficient guidance.
In 1948 Mrs. Hodgkin began her attempts to determine the structure of vitamin B12, which had been isolated in the same year. This vitamin can be synthetized by certain bacteria and fungi, of which some play an active part in the digestive processes of animals. The production of B12 is most pronounced in the ruminants, who seem to require this vitamin in particularly large amounts. In most of the other higher animals, for example in man, the production of B12 is small, and their food must therefore contain sufficient quantities of ready-made B12. Lack of B12 in the diet, or a reduced ability to absorb this vitamin via the walls of the alimentary canal, leads in man to the fatal blood condition of pernicious anaemia. The illness can always be arrested by injections of B12 which is only needed in very small quantities. It is still not clear how B12 functions in the metabolic processes, but in order to begin to come to grips with this problem it is essential to know the structure in detail.
In 1956, after eight years' work, Mrs. Hodgkin and her collaborators had clarified the B12 structure. Never before had it been possible to determine the exact structure of so large a molecule, and the result has been seen as a triumph for X-ray crystallographic techniques. It was also, however, a triumph for Mrs. Hodgkin. It is certain that the goal would never have been reached at this stage without her skill and exceptional intuition.
There is reason to hope that the detailed knowledge of the B12 structure, revealed as a result of this work, will make it possible both to understand how this vitamin assists in the body's metabolism and to synthetize it. For the time being it has to be produced via bacterial fermentation.

Professor Hodgkin. You have for many years directed your efforts towards the determination of crystal structures by means of X-ray diffraction techniques. You have solved a large number of structural problems, the majority of great importance in biochemistry and medicine, but there are two landmarks which stand out. The first is the determination of the structure of penicillin, which has been described as a magnificent start to a new era of crystallography. The second, the determination of the structure of vitamin B12, has been considered the crowning triumph of X-ray crystallographic analysis, both in respect of the chemical and biological importance of the results and the vast complexity of the structure.
Scientists working in many different fields, in X-ray crystallography, in chemistry, and in medicine admire the great determination and skill, involving what can only be described as gifted intuition, which has always been the mark of your work.
In recognition of your services to science the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences decided to award you this year's Nobel Prize for Chemistry. To me has been granted the privilege of conveying to you the most hearty congratulations of the Academy and of requesting you to receive your prize from the hands of his Majesty the King.
From Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1963-1970, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1972