the use of body language on cross-cultural communication身体语言在跨文化交际中的应用英文的,最好有翻译重点是应用方面的说明

the use of body language on cross-cultural communication身体语言在跨文化交际中的应用英文的,最好有翻译重点是应用方面的说明
the use of body language on cross-cultural communication
身体语言在跨文化交际中的应用
英文的,最好有翻译
重点是应用方面的说明

the use of body language on cross-cultural communication身体语言在跨文化交际中的应用英文的,最好有翻译重点是应用方面的说明
Body Language in Cross-Cultural Communication
People can communicate with one another not only through verbal communication but also through nonverbal communication; moreover, the latter plays an essential role. Body language is an important part of nonverbal communication, and thus this article intends to present its meaning and talk it briefly so that we can improve our communication skills and abilities by understanding it well.
Usually body language occurs unconsciously. Yet the body language we use decides to a large extent the quality of our communication. It follows that therefore it would be good to become conscious of our own and others' body language. We can learn to use our body language for a purpose. It is important to note that body language has different meanings in different cultures. How we can interpret body language depends on the situation, the culture, the relationship we have with the person as well as the gender of the other. This means that there is not one signal that has the same meaning all over the world. Body language is also interlinked with spoken language and a whole pattern of behaviour from a person. As well as that, various body language signs can complement each other to make a particular meaning crystal clear or strengthen the meaning of what we communicate.
Nonverbal communication, composed of pictures, dresses, eye contact, spatial signals, gestures and so on, is as important as verbal communication.
There are five parts of this paper. The first part is introduction, mainly introduce the importance of body language. The second part talk about the term—body language briefly, including its concept and classification, general characteristics and the importance of knowing how we communicate. The third part is the most vital one, in this chapter, this paper talk about several sorts of body language with lots of cases which embody the conflict in cross cultural communication in detail including gestures, eye behavior, facial expressions and posture. The fourth part talk about different meanings of body language in various countries and personal space, if we know the knowledge of this two aspects, we can avoid the embracement in cross cultural communication. The fifth part is the conclusion of the whole paper.
Body language is known as non-verbal behavior which transmits information through gestures, actions and facial expressions. People communicate with each other by their body language in the ways of nodding, waving, eye contacting, shrugging and so on. According to the research results of psychologists, these ways can express what the verbal language cannot directly. Body language can be divided into sight language, body touches language, posture and gesture, manner, facial expression, flavor language, proxemics and clothes language.
Some body languages are not only innate but also unconscious and subconscious. Take excited people for example, their pupil will dilate automatically; eyebrows move when greeting; frown when discontented; yawn when fatigued; bite teeth when anger and usually people smile when happy, cry when sad and blush when shame.
However, other body languages are postnatal. Various peoples form unique body languages due to the language backgrounds of their living. The gesture of Britain and American man is totally different when they sit with their legs crossed. American likes shrugging, and they often do a forward body gesture when they speak in future tense. Cupped-hand salute is peculiar only in China, we use it in such cases: congratulate when happy get-together; extend one’s heartfelt respects when spend festivals; express heartfelt thanks and entrust in some special situations.
How we come across to someone is decided only for a small part by the words we speak. To leave a good impression behind, say at a job interview, it is important that we know, and to a certain extent can control, our body language. The person on the receiving end of our body language will have a feeling or impression that is often difficult to describe, difficult to put into words or difficult to prove what actually was communicated. Haven’t we all said at times: ‘I have a feeling he\she likes me’, or something like: ‘I doubt if what he\she is saying is really the truth’. This type of feeling is called intuition. Body language plays a big role in intuition as it gives us messages about the other person that we can interpret at an intuitive level. It is therefore necessary to get to know our own body language first. We should learn about it so that we can recognize it in others as well as in ourselves. For this purpose, we will describe all the different aspects of body language in the following parts. We can learn something from the different aspects of body language.
Without gestures, our world would be static and colorless. The movements of our arms, hands, eyes, and feet constitute another important way in which we broadcast, interpersonal data. So we will talk about this subject more.
In a very general sense, we all use gestures to reinforce an idea or to help describe something. When we say, “That’s an English book”, at the same time we are pointing to the book. If someone asks us the way to the library, we point to the right, adding a little information about it, which will be more clear and concrete. We may literally roll up our sleeves when talking about cleaning up the room, run to meet the person we are eager to see, stand up when saying “We will go now.” We like to use our hands to indicate the dimensions when someone asks us to describe the size or shape of something.
It seems natural to clench our first or perhaps even proud the lectern to let everyone realize the importance of our message when trying to communicate a strong feeling, which emphasizes our words. In classroom, it is unnecessarily stand in front of the blackboard for the teacher at the whole time. The teacher may move from behind the lectern when they wait to be informed; move to the right or left when making a major point so that they can communicate with students very well and enhance his or her teaching quality.
However, exaggerated body movement, we should say, can cause harm, too, just as a saying goes, “Going too far is as bad as not going far enough.” This teacher must avoid overdone movement because it can be so distracting, to the students that it loses track of what the teacher is saying. Some of us have such feeling, that is, in a class or speech, we become more interested in the speaker’s motion than we do in the speaker’s message when we see the speaker pace and forth in front of us. At last we just remember the movement of the speaker, but get nothing about the information. The same is true in any context. “If a body movement distracts from the idea, it is damaging.”
Of course, there are also many other gestures, for instance, head movement; shaking the head or nodding. Perhaps we learn those gestures and movements at an early age, and probably use and interpret them almost without thinking.
Gestures and body language communicate as effectively as words- maybe even more effectively. We use gestures daily, almost instinctively, from beckoning to a waiter, or punctuating a business presentation with visual signals to airport ground attendants guiding an airline pilot into the jet way or a parent using a whole dictionary of gestures to teach (or preach to) a child.
Gestures are woven inextricably into our social lives, but also that the "vocabulary" of gestures, can be at once informative and entertaining... but also dangerous. Gestures can be menacing (two drivers on a freeway), warm (an open-armed welcome), instructive (a police man giving road directions), or even sensuous (the liquid movement of a Hawaiian hula dancer).
Bear in mind that the following gestures are in general use, but there may always be exceptions. In recent years, Western and contemporary values and ideas have become more popular and has either influenced, altered, and even replaced, some of the more traditional gestures, understanding human behavior is tricky stuff. No two people behave in precisely the same way. Nor do people from the same culture all perform exactly the same gestures and body language uniformly. For almost any gestures there will probably be a minority within a given nationality who might say, "Well, some might attach that meaning t．．．