A COMPANION TO THE STUDY OF HISTORY怎么样

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A COMPANION TO THE STUDY OF HISTORY怎么样
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A COMPANION TO THE STUDY OF HISTORY怎么样
A COMPANION TO THE STUDY OF HISTORY怎么样

A COMPANION TO THE STUDY OF HISTORY怎么样
迈克尔·斯坦福（Michael Stanford）是英国历史学家,早年求学期间,曾获历史与哲学双学位,长期执教于西英格兰大学（University of the West of England）,担任该校资深历史讲师多年,直至1983年退休.他退休以来,并未松懈,致力于史学著述,迄今先后出有三本书,《历史知识的本质》（The Nature of Historical Knowledge,1986,Blackwell)、《历史研究导论》（A Companion to the Study of History,1994,Blackwell)、《历史哲学绪论》（An Introduction to the Philosophy of History,1999,Blackwell）.其中导论一书,亦即本书,自出版以来颇受欢迎,又陆续印刷了四次（分别于1995,1996,1997,1999）. 斯氏在本书前更说：“谨以本书献给众孙儿——附上挚爱.”足以显示本书主旨,乃是一退休老教师,将毕生所学及领悟化为著作,以造福后生.而其对象就是大学中有志研习历史的青年学子. 斯氏自称本书当置于史学书目之下,并以常见语词说明史学的意义与范畴.他认为史学就是历史著述之学,并细分为三方面,一是描绘性的（descriptive）,讨论历史学家标准方法与标准程序,简单地说就是单纯的史学方法学；二是历史性的(historical）,属于史学史范畴；三是分析性或批判性（analytical or critical）史学,讨论撰史时衍生之哲学问题或观念问题,也就是分析性或批判性历史哲学,本书正属此方面之著述. 分析性或批判性历史哲学不同于传统思辨性(speculative）历史哲学.后者多为讨论历史本质与目的之作,也是注重本体论与目的论方面的探索.至于前者,乃是将历史视为一种知识,就其作为知识之地位,考察其所衍生之哲学问题,主要属于认识论方面之探讨,乃是20世纪以来始渐流行的史学分支. 历史在认识论方面的问题,并非新颖,而是一古老论题,几乎可说自有历史著作之初,有关争论就不曾中断,只是时起时伏.然而自后现代主义意识兴起以来,这方面的争议又成为显学,仅需观察出版状况,即可知情.笔者无意将斯氏定位为现代主义或后现代主义史家,仅借王晴佳、古伟瀛二人合著之《后现代与历史学》（巨流,2000）一书参考阅读书目中一段话,说明本书的性质：“……有一本虽然很了解后现代主义的内容,但却绝口不提后现代主义及其专有名词,只是将其所重视的议题加以分析讨论……”（伊格尔斯[Iggers]访台餐会间,古兄坦认此段评语为古兄所加,古兄之评语极是.）任何思潮皆非争对错、争权力或发言地位之工具,而应该是人类社会不断自我反省以求更好的利器.斯氏书中,随处可见这样的论调,其用心或许是使读者免于门户之见,直接就事论事.记得后现代一词初流行之际,介绍这一新思潮之书颇多,笔者曾购得一本有关后现代主义文化研究的巨著,但因其中满纸术语,乃使笔者这等初学者无法理解书中深义.因此,更加感觉斯氏著述能予以初学者之助益. 本书另一特色,就是作者经常以提问方式进行,往往在提出一种立论之后,立即加以反问,并且不提出答案,而要读者自行思索.反复深入诘问,是学问进步的重要方法之一.关于这种方式,古人已经行之有素.唯于近几十年来的教育,在此方面给予学生的训练不足.常听说本地学生很少提问题,也曾亲身经历,或许不知如何提问题也是关键之一.读本书,对斯氏反复诘问方式多加留心,相信在思维上必有收获. 不论治史者是否以时代关怀为己任,是否重视历史之用途,世人运用历史经验以寻求对现世的了解和作为行动的依据,乃是不争的事实.即使历史学家闭口不谈历史用途,问题依然存在.斯坦福对历史的用途与误用,有深入浅出的分析,并针对历史教育不足之下,政治人物凭一己私欲,借所谓的历史来蛊惑世人,尤感痛心.说明历史知识之性质与限制,就是上述乱象的解药,而本书内容正符合上述需求.重视历史的用途乃是本书特色之三. 由于本书属介绍性质,故不拟在导读中多做赘述,仅借导读最后部分,为译文稍做说明. 初读本书时对斯坦福将历史分为甲类、乙类,而不直接用历史事件与历史著述或记载,颇感不习惯.等到译书过半,始觉历史（甲）、历史（乙）之分,就本书内容而言,亦颇称合宜,历史（甲）乃是广义的历史事件,历史（乙）乃是广义的历史著述与记载.单以历史事件及历史著述或记载,对理解本书内涵,恐或有所缺失,不如以历史（甲）、历史（乙）的朦胧概念来得适当,故保留斯氏原有历史（甲）、历史（乙）之分. 原书有注释,多是出处或详见某书,故几乎不加译文,仅有数条属阐释性质,始予以翻译,但原文注释依然保留.每章结尾,都有推荐著作,备有作者及出版年代,必须配合原书所附参考书目,方见分晓. 或许有读者有意将译文与原文对照阅读,笔者十分鼓励.倘若因此发现译文疏漏不妥或错误,并予笔者以指正,笔者在此先献上由衷感激. 笔者接受及从事历史教育多年,每每感觉本国学子,思维方法及语言皆训练不足,以笔者而言,译书时常面临的困扰就是找不到合适中文词语以表达原文精义.自国小毕业以来,就属译书时间查中文字典次数最多,每有所得,即窃喜不已,可是往往一读古人作品,发现更好的语汇,早已存在多时,又顿时为之气结,次数不知几许.故深觉欲从事文史乃至文化事业者,在自身语言传统上,训练尤待加强,愿就此与有心者共勉之. 刘世安 2001年7月于台北寓所

A COMPANION TO THE STUDY OF HISTORY怎么样 英语翻译：《The Princeton Companion to Mathematics》 英语翻译By that time,he was fully worked up.No one could stop him.work She traveled to many countries as a rich lady's paid companion.此处的companion 可以用company吗? A dependable companion companion 高中英语短文填空what's is a good friend?Some people say that a friend is one who is （1）c____ to you ,or a good companion to you.In my view,a friends the one who will （2）s____ by you whatever happens.Friendship (3)p____ an important ro introduce to 的用法?This book teaches you the Objective-C language and introduces you to its companion, Apple’s Cocoa toolkit.这句话中 introduces you to its companion 的意思,准确翻译过来是什么意思? 1. 把你介绍给它? 2. I used to have a(n) ____to that beautiful vase,but it was broken when moved to the new house.A.company B.accompany C.companion D.community选哪个?加翻译 高三英语关于prove的被动语态!很急!On the long journey, he proved a most amusing companion,为什么不能用was proved to be 啊,不是应该是被证明吗?好急! The old man didn't feel lonely at all with a dog keeping him_ A.accompany B.companion C.company A friend is a loving companion at all times When I think of you,the miles between as disappear You can always judge a person by the ______ he keeps.A.accompany B.company C.companion D.comfort 一道英语选择题.___________________________ for the elderly,the need to take it for walks may be___________________________ for the elderly,the need to take it for walks may be a disadvantage.A.However a dog may be a good companion B.Whatever a a good book is the best companion的翻译好书如挚友?是否有更好的翻译 求修改英文文章 I feel so sorry,although I make a lot of determination to take full advantage of oraIn particular,pay my tribute to the students who adhere to the schoolI ,I was moved by your saerious learning attitude!Grateful to the companion SAT真题求解答To encourage young people to read, a number of AUTHORS, WHO SELL their books with companion video games that require players to use information from the books to advance in the games.(大写部分为下划线）A authors, whoB autho remote sponsor是什么意思?if you were able to give your baby the choice between you as a loving companion to help him his development or you as a remote sponsor to guarantee his comfortable material,he might just opt for the former.这一句中 英文解释和用法BUT THERE ARE THAT IN THE COOL,NONCHALANT AIR OF MY COMPANION WHICH MADE HIM THE LAST MAN WITH WHOM ONE WOULD CARE TO TAKE ANYTHING APPROACHING TO A LIBERTY.2为什么THE LAST MAN 后面要跟个WITH,而不是直接跟WHOM