计算机的四个发展阶段即以及每个阶段的英文解释?

计算机的四个发展阶段即以及每个阶段的英文解释?
计算机的四个发展阶段即以及每个阶段的英文解释?

计算机的四个发展阶段即以及每个阶段的英文解释?
第一代电子管计算机、Vacuum Tubes
硬件方面,逻辑元件采用电子管,主存储器采用汞延迟线、磁鼓、磁芯；外存储器采用磁带.软件方面采用机器语言、汇编语言.应用领域以军事和科学计算为主.特点是体积大、功耗高、可靠性差、速度慢（一般为每秒数千次至数万次）、价格昂贵,但为以后的计算机发展奠定了基础.
As to hardwares,logic elements adopt electron tubes;main memory introduces mercury delay-lines,drums and magnetic cores,while external memory brings in magnetic tapes.In terms of softwares,machine-oriented language and assembly language were applied.The application areas of this computer mainly include military and scientific calculation.These computers were big in size,high in power consumption,Poor in reliability,slow in speed(typically at thousands of times per second to tens of times),and high priced,which,however,laid a foundation for later computers' development.
第二代晶体管计算机、 transistor computer
硬件方面,逻辑元件采用晶体管,主存储器采用磁芯,外存储器采用磁盘.软件方面出现了以批处理为主的操作系统、高级语言及其编译程序.应用领域以科学计算和事务处理为主.并开始进入工业控制领域.特点是体积缩小、能耗降低、可靠性提高、运算速度提高（一般为每秒数十万次,可高达300万次）、性能比第一代计算机有很大的提高.
As to hardwares,logic elements adopt transistors;main memory introduces magnetic cores,while external memory still bring in magnetic tapes.In terms of softwares,operating system of processing batch,high-level language with its compile programme were applied.The application areas of this computer mainly include scientific calculation and transaction processing,with a trend to the industrial control field.These computers were small in size,low in energy consumption,good in reliability,fast in speed(typically at hundreds of thousands of times per second to 3 million times),and greater performance than the first one.
第三代中小规模集成电路计算机、Small and medium scale integrated circuit computer
硬件方面,逻辑元件采用中、小规模集成电路,主存储器仍采用磁芯.软件方面出现了分时操作系统以及结构化、规模化程序设计方法.特点是速度更快（一般为每秒数百万至数千万次）.而且可靠性有了显著提高,价格进一步下降,产品走向通用化、系列化和标准化.应用领域开始进入文字处理和图形图像处理领域.
As to hardwares,logic elements adopt small and medium scale integrated circuits;main memory still use magnetic cores.In terms of softwares,both time sharing operating system and structuring scale programming approach appeared.These computers were faster in speed(typically at millions to tens of millions of times per second),notably better reliability,lower priced,with a trend to universalization,serialization and standardization.The application areas of this computer mainly include word processing and
Photoshop CS.
第四代超大规模集成电路计算机、Very large scale integrated circuit computer(VLSI computer)
硬件方面,逻辑元件采用大规模和超大规模集成电路,软件方面出现了数据库管理系统、网络管理系统和面向对象语言等.特点是1971年世界上第一台微处理器在美国硅谷诞生,开始了微型计算机的新时代.应用领域从科学计算、事务管理、过程控制逐步走向家庭.
As to hardwares,logic elements adopt mass and large scale integrated circuits.In terms of softwares,data base management system,network management system(NMS) and object-oriented language were applied.In particular,the first microprocessor of the world was invented in silicon valley in 1971,thus starting a new age of microcomputer.The application areas of these computers gradually range from scientific calculation,office management,process control to home use.
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