求关于英语修辞的知识请问这些修辞法指什么,请用例句说明,allusion,antithesis,apostrophe,circumlocution,metonymy,synecdoche,vision,zeugma

求关于英语修辞的知识请问这些修辞法指什么,请用例句说明,allusion,antithesis,apostrophe,circumlocution,metonymy,synecdoche,vision,zeugma
求关于英语修辞的知识
请问这些修辞法指什么,请用例句说明,
allusion,antithesis,apostrophe,circumlocution,metonymy,synecdoche,vision,zeugma

求关于英语修辞的知识请问这些修辞法指什么,请用例句说明,allusion,antithesis,apostrophe,circumlocution,metonymy,synecdoche,vision,zeugma
英语修辞手法
一、提喻（synecdoche）又称举隅法,主要特点是局部代表全体,或以全体喻指部分,或以抽象代具体,或以具体代抽象.例如：
1、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth,but of the flesh and blood of millions of men.
长城不仅是用石头和土建造的,而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的.
句中的“the flesh and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice”（巨大的牺牲）
2、“...saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world,...”
……他说这是世界上最美的语言.
这里用具体的“tongue”代替抽象的“language”.
4、Many eyes turned to a tall,20—year black girl on the U.S.team.
很多人将眼光投向美国队一个高高的20岁的黑姑娘.
这里的“many eyes”代替了“many persons”.
二、借代（metonymy）是指两种不同事物并不相似,但又密不可分,因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种.
1、Several years later,word came that Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them...
几年以后,他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们.
“word”在这里代替了“news,information”（消息、信息）
2、Al spoke with his eyes,“yes”.
艾尔用眼睛说,“是的”.
“说”应该是嘴的功能,这里实际上是用眼神表达了“说话的意思”.
四.Metonymy (转喻） It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another.For instance,the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).借代（metonymy）是指两种不同事物并不相似,但又密不可分,因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种.
1、Several years later,word came that Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them...
几年以后,他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们.
“word”在这里代替了“news,information”（消息、信息）
2、Al spoke with his eyes,“yes”.
艾尔用眼睛说,“是的”.
“说”应该是嘴的功能,这里实际上是用眼神表达了“说话的意思”.
五.Synecdoche (提喻） It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole,or the whole for the part.For instance,they say there's bread and work for all.She was dressed in silks.
六.Zeugma:(轭式搭配） It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence,wither properly applying in sense to only one of them,or applying to them in different senses.For example,The sun shall not burn you by day,nor the moon by night.(Here noon is not strong enough to burn)
七.Antithesis:(对照） It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis.For example,speech is silver; silence is golden.
八.Apostrophe：(顿呼） In this figure of speech,a thing,place,idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present,listening and understanding what is being said.For instance,England!awake!awake!awake!
九alliteration 头韵
十antithesis 对照
实在不好意思,暂时只能找到这些.其它的恐怕需要你自己再努力了

积极修辞(Active Rhetoric Techniques)
它主要指那些有相对固定格式的修辞性写作技巧。常见分类如下：
词义修辞格
(Lexical Stylistic Devices) metaphor（比喻）, metonymy（借代）, personification（拟人）, irony（反语）, hyperbole（夸张）, understate...

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积极修辞(Active Rhetoric Techniques)
它主要指那些有相对固定格式的修辞性写作技巧。常见分类如下：
词义修辞格
(Lexical Stylistic Devices) metaphor（比喻）, metonymy（借代）, personification（拟人）, irony（反语）, hyperbole（夸张）, understatement（低调）, euphemism（委婉语）, contrast（对照）, oxymoron（矛盾修辞法）, transferred epithet（移就）, pun（双关）, syllepsis（异叙）, zeugma（粘连）, parody（仿拟）, paradox（隽语）
结构修辞格
(Syntactical Stylistic Devices) repetition（反复）, catchword repetition（联珠）, chiasmus（回文）, parallelism（平行结构）, antithesis（反对）, rhetoric question（设问）, anticlimax（突降）
音韵修辞格
(Phonetic Stylistic Devices) alliteration（头韵）, onomatopoeia（拟声）
1． Parody（仿拟）
如：Clearly, when it comes to marriage, practicing beforehand doesn’t make perfect. 可以译成：显然，在婚姻问题上，婚前同居并不能令婚姻生活趋于完美。
2、Syllepsis（异叙）
如：He first put a club in my hand when I was about ten. I threw a lot of tantrums in the upland hills of North Carolina, and clubs too. I was in such a rush to be good that he would urge me to “relax and enjoy the round. The game ends far too soon.” I didn’t have a clue what he meant. 试译：他第一次把高尔夫球棒放在我手里的时候，我大概十岁。在北卡罗来纳州的山中，我一次次发脾气，一次次把球棒扔掉。我急于求成，老爸总是劝我“放松点，慢慢打，比赛结束得太快了。”
3． metonymy（借代）借代一般可以保留原文的修辞方式，不会引起误会，同时让译文多了一份词趣。如：So, during any five-week shape-up, focus more on the tape measure than on the bathroom scale. 译文A：因此，在此五周的减肥期内，要更多地注重自己的腰围，而不是自己的体重。译文B：因此，在此五周的减肥期内，把注意力放在量腰围的卷尺上，而不是放在浴室的磅秤上。
4． pun（双关）有许多看似无法在译文中挽留的原文形式的神韵和风采在译文中却得以挽留。如：First gentleman: Thou art always figuring disease in me, but thou art full of error, I am sound. Lucio: Nay, not as one would say, healthy; but so sound as things that are hollow; impiety has made a feast of thee. （整个对话之谐趣尽系双关词汇sound。）试译：绅士甲：你总以为我有那种病，其实你大错特错，我的身体响当当的。路奇奥：响当当的，可并不结实，就像空心的东西那样响当当的，你的骨头都空了，好色的毛病把你掏空了。
5． alliteration（头韵）英语辞格押头韵的手法历来被认为是不可译的，但是，面对alliteration，并不意味译者就无所作为。如下的两段译文就做了成功的尝试。如：Change is part of life and the making of character, hon. When the things happen that you do not like, you have two choices: You get bitter or better. 试译：变化是生活的一部分，而且也塑造了人的意志品德，亲爱的。当你不喜欢的事情发生了，你有两种选择：要么痛苦不堪；要么痛快达观。
6． metaphor（比喻）这个metaphor并非狭隘意义上的把A比作B的不使用比喻词（如as, like, as if等）的暗喻，而是广义上的英语词汇的比喻义。换言之，也就是英语词汇denotation(本义)之外的connotation(转义)。Peter Newmark在A Textbook of Translation中把英语中的比喻分成四类，令人耳目一新 have suggested elsewhere that there are four types of metaphor: fossilized, stock, recently created and original. 第一类：有学生在作文中写出如下句子：In the middle of the picnic, it started to rain cats and dogs, and everybody got soaked. 该句子被改为：While we were busy eating a picnic, a storm cloud suddenly appeared and everybody got soaked. 在A Dictionary of American Idioms中，写道：rain cats and dogs: To rain very hard; come down in torrents------A cliché. 美国朋友说: If you use this metaphor, I will doubt if you are my grandfather’s uncle! 第二类：stock(常用的)这是指已被收入词典，但并不属于cliché范畴的比喻。如：flood一词的用法。She was in a flood of tears. (她泪流如注。) The corridors were flooded with girls. (走廊里挤满了女孩子。) Strawberries flooded the market and prices dropped down. (草莓充斥市场，价格下跌。) 第三类的标准应该是：至少目前商未被收入词典，同时又让人接受，并感到新意扑面。如在一篇名为Rescue of A Newborn 中有三个句子：A. I focused on a small blob in the mud amid the columns of legs and trunks. B. I suddenly came upon a wall of feeding elephants. C. …grabbed their lost baby and tugged her gently into a stockade of legs. 第四类：original这种比喻并非随处可见，唾手可得。它是灵感思维的产物。这种比喻在词典上无踪影可觅，而且连参照物可能也没有。如：Jeff Rennicke在A Promise of Spring 中开卷段是：Nothing. No tracks but my own are stitched into the dusting of fresh snow, white as birch bark, that fell during the night. No flittering shadows in the trees, not a sliver of bird song in the air. 试译：白茫茫的一片。没有别的什么踪迹，只有我的脚印如细密的针脚印在积雪上。积雪白如桦树皮，是昨夜落下的。在树上没有鸟儿轻捷的身影，在空中也听不到鸟儿一丝的啁啾。

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