美国殖民时期 英文介绍 最好有中英文对照

美国殖民时期 英文介绍 最好有中英文对照
美国殖民时期 英文介绍 最好有中英文对照

美国殖民时期 英文介绍 最好有中英文对照
British colonization of the Americas (including colonization under the Kingdom of England before the Act of Union) began in the late 16th century,before reaching its peak after colonies were established in North,Central and South America and in the Caribbean,and a protectorate was established in Hawaii.The British were one of the most important colonizers of the Americas and their American empire came to rival the Spanish American colonies in extent.
This British conquest caused dramatic upheaval upon the indigenous civilizations in America both directly through British military force and indirectly through cultural disruption and introduced European diseases.Though many of the indigenous societies had a developed warrior class,and long history of warfare,they were not able to withstand the superior British force and eventually succumbed.Many of the conquered peoples vanished.
The effect of European diseases and superior weapons on the native populations was often dramatic.Despite a long history of warfare and a developed warrior class among some of the native cultures,targeted native cultures were not able to withstand the British conquest,and eventually succumbed.In some cases,the conquered peoples vanished,and in other cases they were incorporated into the colonial system.
After the American Revolutionary War,British territories in the Americas were granted more responsible government until they were prepared for independence.In this way,two countries in Northern and Central America,ten in the Caribbean,and one in South America have received their independence from the United Kingdom.Today,the United Kingdom retains eight overseas territories in the Americas,which it grants varying degrees of self-government.In addition,nine former British possessions in the Americas are Commonwealth Realms,independent of,but in personal union with,the United Kingdom.
Three types of colonies existed in the British Empire during the height of its power.These were charter colonies,proprietary colonies and royal colonies.
North America
Main articles:Colonial America and History of Canada
English North America
The Kingdom of England established colonies along the east coast of North America,from Newfoundland in the north,to as far as Florida in the south.Initially,the name "Virginia",named after Queen Elizabeth I,was applied to the entire coast,including what is now the Canadian Maritimes provinces.Early colonies included:St.John's,Newfoundland,claimed by Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1583; the Roanoke Colony,founded in 1585 and 1587; and the Jamestown Settlement,in 1607.The Popham Colony,which was also founded in 1607 in present-day Maine,was abandoned after one year.The Cuper's Cove settlement was founded in Newfoundland in 1610.The Plymouth Colony was founded in 1620,and,after the 1620s,a series of colonies were established along the northeast coast of North America,including the Massachusetts Bay Colony,which was founded in 1630.The early colonies consisted of English farmers and gentlemen,as well as some hired foreigners (mainly woodcutters from Poland).See British colonial grants in North America (1621-1639) for details.
A number of English colonies were established under a system of Proprietary Governors,who were appointed under mercantile charters to English joint stock companies to found and run settlements.
England also took over the Dutch colony of New Netherland (including the New Amsterdam settlement) which was renamed the Province of New York in 1664.With New Netherland,the English came to control the former New Sweden (in what is now Delaware),which the Dutch had conquered earlier.This became part of Pennsylvania.
Scottish North America
There was also an early unsuccessful attempt by the Kingdom of Scotland to establish a colony at Dari茅n,and the short-lived Scottish colonisation of Nova Scotia (Latin:"New Scotland") from 1629 to 1632.Thousands of Scotsmen also participated in the English colonization even before the two countries were united in 1707.(for more information,see Scottish colonization of the Americas.)
British North America
The Kingdom of Great Britain acquired the French colony of Acadia in 1713 and then the rest of New France and the Spanish colony of Florida in 1763.The most-populated region of New France became the Canadas.
In the north,the Hudson's Bay Company actively traded for fur with the Indians,and had competed with French fur traders.The company came to control the entire drainage basin of Hudson Bay called Rupert's Land.The small part of the Hudson Bay drainage which is south of the 49th parallel went to the United States in 1818.
Thirteen of Great Britain's colonies rebelled,beginning in 1776,primarily over representation,local laws and tax issues,and established the United States of America.
Great Britain also colonised the west coast of North America,notably the Oregon Country,jointly with the United States from 1818 to 1846.The colonies of Vancouver Island,founded in 1849,and New Caledonia,founded in 1846,were later combined and named British Columbia.
In 1867,the colonies of New Brunswick,Nova Scotia,and the Province of Canada (the southern portion of modern-day Ontario and Quebec) combined to form a self-governing dominion,named Canada,within the British Empire.Quebec (including what is now the southern portion of Ontario) and Nova Scotia (including what is now New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island) had been ceded to Britain by the French.The colonies of Prince Edward Island and British Columbia joined over the next six years,and Newfoundland joined in 1949.Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory were ceded to Canada in 1870.This area now consists of the provinces of Manitoba (admitted after negotiation between Canada and a M茅tis provisional government in 1870),Saskatchewan,and Alberta (both created in 1905),as well as the Northwest Territories,the Yukon Territory (created 1898,following the start of the Klondike Gold Rush),and Nunavut (created in 1999).

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