英文解释松柏

英文解释松柏
英文解释松柏

英文解释松柏
pine and cypress.
Pines are native to most of the Northern Hemisphere.In Eurasia,they range from the Canary Islands and Scotland east to the Russian Far East,and the Philippines,north to just over 70°N in Norway (Scots Pine) and eastern Siberia (Siberian Dwarf Pine),and south to northernmost Africa,the Himalaya and Southeast Asia,with one species (Sumatran Pine) just crossing the Equator in Sumatra to 2°S.In North America,they range from 66°N in Canada (Jack Pine) south to 12°N in Nicaragua (Caribbean Pine).The highest diversity in the genus occurs in Mexico and California.
Pines have been introduced in subtropical and temperate portions of the Southern Hemisphere,including Chile,Brazil,South Africa,Australia,and New Zealand,where they are grown widely as a source of timber,and some species are becoming invasive.
Morphology
Pines are evergreen and resinous trees (rarely shrubs) growing to 3–80 m tall,with the majority of species reaching between 15-45 m tall.The smallest are Siberian Dwarf Pine and Potosi Pinyon,and the tallest,Sugar Pine.Pines are long-lived,typically reaching ages of 100–1,000 years,some even more.The longest-lived is the Great Basin Bristlecone Pine Pinus longaeva,one individual of which at 4,840 years old in 2008 is one of the oldest living organism in the world.
The bark of most pines is thick and scaly,but some species have thin,flaking bark.The branches are produced in regular "pseudo whorls",actually a very tight spiral but appearing like a ring of branches arising from the same point.Many pines are uninodal,producing just one such whorl of branches each year,from buds at the tip of the year's new shoot,but others are multinodal,producing two or more whorls of branches per year.The spiral growth of branches,needles and cone scales are arranged in Fibonacci number ratios.The new spring shoots are sometimes called "candles"; they are covered in brown or whitish bud scales and point upward at first,then later turn green and spread outward.These "candles" offer foresters a means to evaluate fertility of the soil and vigour of the trees.
Chamaecyparis is genus of conifers in the family Cupressaceae,native to eastern Asia and western and eastern North America.It is one of several genera within the Cupressaceae that have the common name cypress; for others,see cypress (disambiguation).Synonyms include Retinispora Siebold & Zucc.and Retinospora Carr.
They are medium-sized to large evergreen trees growing to 20-70 m tall,with foliage in flat sprays.The leaves are of two types,needle-like juvenile leaves on young seedlings up to a year old,and scale-like adult leaves.The cones are globose to oval,with 8-14 scales arranged in opposite decussate pairs; each scale bears 2-4 small seeds.