初中阶段动词不定式的所有用法

初中阶段动词不定式的所有用法
初中阶段动词不定式的所有用法

初中阶段动词不定式的所有用法
动词不定式
\x100\x1001. 不定式定义:由to＋动词原形构成.
\x100\x100不定式是一种非限定性动词.而非限定动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当谓语的动词,可分为不定式,动名词,现在分词和过去分词.
\x100\x1002.用途：
\x100\x100在句中不能作谓语.它具有动词的性质,本身可以带宾语和状语.
\x100\x100【动词不定式】
\x100\x1001.定义：动词 + 不定式
\x100\x1002.用途：
\x100\x100动词不定式在句中可以作句子除谓语之外的任何句子成分.动词不定式的被动形式除了一般形式外还有其完成式和进行式.
动词不定式的时态、语态
\x100\x100动词不定式可以作以上各种成分,但它毕竟是动词,所以有动词的属性
动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语,虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语,但它表达的意义是动作,这一动作一定由使动者发出.这一使动者我们称之为逻辑主语,其形式如下：


主动形式
被动形式
一般式
（not) to make
（not) to be made
完成式
（not) to have made
(not) to have been made
进行式
（not) to be making
（not）to have been making

\x100\x100(一) 语态
\x100\x100如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式.如：
\x100\x100It's a great honor to be invited to Mary's birthday party.（不定式作主语）
\x100\x100It was impossible for lost time to be made up.（不定式作主语）
\x100\x100I wish to be sent to work in the country.（不定式作宾语）
\x100\x100Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?（不定式作定语）
\x100\x100He went to the hospital to be examined.（不定式作状语）
\x100\x100在There be结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动.如：There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如：These is nothing to do now.(We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)
\x100\x100(二) 时态
\x100\x1001) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后.
\x100\x100He seems to know this.
\x100\x100I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again.\x100我希望再见到你.
\x100\x1002) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前.
\x100\x100I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
\x100\x100He seems to have caught a cold.
\x100\x1003) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生.
\x100\x100He seems to be eating something.
\x100\x1004) 完成进行时：
\x100\x100She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
疑问词＋不定式结构
\x100\x100疑问词who, what, which, when, where, whether, how后可接不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等.如：
\x100\x100①When to leave for London has not been decided yet. （不定式在句子中做主语）
\x100\x100②Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there. （不定式在句子中做宾语）
\x100\x100③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. （不定式在句子中做间接宾语）
\x100\x100④The question was where to get the medicine needed. （不定式在句子中表语）
\x100\x100以上例句中疑问词＋不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句形式.如：①When we shall leave…③…how I
\x100\x100could learn…
\x100\x100经常在这种结构中使用的动词有：consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, hear, know, learn, observe, understand, wonder等.
动词不定式的语法功能
\x100\x100一、作主语
\x100\x100动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种：
\x100\x1001、把不定式置于句首.如：
\x100\x100To get there by bike will take us half an hour.
\x100\x1002、用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中.如：
\x100\x100①It＋be＋名词＋to do
\x100\x100It's our duty to take good care of the old.
\x100\x100②It takes sb + some time + to do sth
\x100\x100How long did it take you to finish the work?
\x100\x100③It＋be＋形容词＋for sb＋to do
It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.
在此句型中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如：difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary 等.
\x100\x100④It＋be＋形容词＋of sb＋to do
It is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says.
在此句型中,常用brave, careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, rude,selfish,silly, stupid, wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词.在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语.这一句式有时相当于Sb is＋形容词＋to do句式 ,如：It's kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to help me with my English.
\x100\x100⑤It seems(appears)＋形容词＋to do
\x100\x100It seemed impossible to save money.
3、注意事项：
① 其他系动词如,look,appear等也可用于此句型
\x100\x100②不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式.
\x100\x100③ 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句型.
\x100\x100(对)To see is to believe.\x100百闻不如一见.
\x100\x100(错)It is to believe to see.
\x100\x100二、作宾语
\x100\x1001、 以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语
\x100\x100afford （付得起）,agree（同意）,aim(力求做到), appear（显得）,arrange（安排）,ask（要求）,attempt （试图）,care（想要）,choose（决定）,claim（声称）,condescend（屈尊）,consent（准许）,decide（决定）,demand（要求）,determine（决心）,endeavor（竭力）,expect（期待）,fail（未履行）,help（帮助）,hesitate（犹豫）,hope（希望）,learn（学会）,manage（设法）,neglect（疏忽）,offer（主动提出）,plan（计划）,prepare（准备）,pretend（假装）,proceed（接着做）,promise（答应）,prove（证明）,refuse（拒绝）,resolve（解决）,seem（觉得好像）,swear（发誓）,tend（往往会）,threaten（预示）,undertake（承诺）,volunteer（自愿做）,vow（发誓）,want（想要）,wish（希望）
\x100\x100举例：\x100
\x100\x100The driver failed to see the other car in time.
\x100\x100司机没能及时看见另一辆车.
\x100\x100I happen to know the answer to your question.
\x100\x100我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案.
\x100\x1002、 动词+疑问词+ 不定式
\x100\x100decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
\x100\x100Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做.
\x100\x100There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种.
\x100\x100注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数.
\x100\x100The question is how to put it into practice.
\x100\x100问题是怎样把它付诸实施.
\x100\x1003)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即：主语＋动 词＋it＋补语＋to do句式.如：
\x100\x100We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well.
\x100\x100He feels it his duty to help the poor.
\x100\x100I find it difficult to learn English well.
\x100\x100三、作补语
\x100\x1001) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
\x100\x100advise\x100allow\x100appoint\x100believe\x100cause\x100challenge\x100command\x100compel\x100consider\x100declare\x100drive\x100enable\x100encourage\x100find\x100forbid\x100force\x100guess\x100hire\x100imagine\x100impel\x100induce\x100inform\x100instruct\x100invite\x100judge\x100know\x100like\x100order\x100permit\x100persuade\x100remind\x100report\x100request\x100require\x100select\x100send\x100state\x100suppose\x100tell\x100think\x100train\x100trust\x100understand\x100urge\x100warn\x100
\x100\x100例句：
\x100\x100a.\x100Father will not allow us to play on the street.\x100
\x100\x100父亲不让我们在街上玩耍.
\x100\x100b.\x100We believe him to be guilty.
\x100\x100我们相信他是有罪的.
\x100\x100Find 的特殊用法：
\x100\x100Find 后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to 的动词不定式.find后也可带一个从句.此类动词还有get,have.
\x100\x100I found him lying on the ground.
\x100\x100I found it important to learn.
\x100\x100I found that to learn English is important.
\x100\x100典型例题:
\x100\x100The next morning she found the man ___ in bed,dead.\x100
\x100\x100A. lying\x100B. lie\x100C. lay\x100D. laying\x100
\x100\x100答案：A. find的宾语后面,用分词或分词短语,起宾语补足语作用.现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动.
\x100\x1002) to + be 的不定式结构,作补语的动词.
\x100\x100Acknowledge,\x100believe,\x100consider,\x100think,\x100declare(声称),\x100discover, fancy(设想),\x100feel\x100find,\x100guess,\x100judge,\x100imagine,\x100know,\x100prove,\x100see(理解), show,\x100suppose,\x100take(以为),\x100understand
\x100\x100We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
\x100\x100我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一.
\x100\x100典型例题
\x100\x100Charles Babbage is generally considered\x100___ the first computer.\x100
\x100\x100A. to invent\x100B. inventing\x100C. to have invented\x100D. having invented\x100
\x100\x100答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D.. 此句只说明发明这一个事实,不定式后用原形即可.而C为现在完成时,发明为点动词一般不用完成时,且此处也不强调对现在的影响,因此不选C.
\x100\x1003) to be +形容词
\x100\x100Seem,\x100appear,\x100be said,\x100be supposed,\x100be believed,\x100be thought,\x100be known,\x100be reported,\x100hope, wish,\x100desire,\x100want,\x100plan,\x100expect,\x100mean…
\x100\x100The book is believed to be uninteresting.
\x100\x100人们认为这本书没什么意思.
\x100\x1004)\x100there be+不定式
\x100\x100believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, understand
\x100\x100We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里.
\x100\x100有些动词需用as 短语做补语,如regard, think believe, take, consider.
\x100\x100We regard Tom as our best teacher.\x100我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师.
\x100\x100Mary took him as her father .\x100玛丽把他当作自己的父亲.
\x100\x100四、作表语
\x100\x100不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为.
\x100\x100①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
\x100\x100②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.
\x100\x100③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.
\x100\x100当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,一是结果（例①）.当主语是aim, duty, hope, idea, mistake, plan, purpose, suggestion等为中心词的名词词组（例②）时,或以what引导的名词性分句（例③）,不定 式说明主语的内容.
\x100\x100④Our work is serving the people.
\x100\x100⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper.
\x100\x100⑥The story told by Mr. Wang is interesting.
\x100\x100④⑤句动名词作表语,与主语部分可以转换,如Serving the people is our work,而⑥句中是现在分词作 表语,说明主语的性质、状态,现在分词具有形容词的各种特征,另外,动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开 来.
\x100\x100五、作状语
\x100\x1001）目的状语\x100
\x100\x100To… only to (仅仅为了),\x100in order to,\x100so as to,\x100so (such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
\x100\x100He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.\x100他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车.
\x100\x100I come here only to say good-bye to you.\x100我来仅仅是向你告别.
\x100\x1002）作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面.
\x100\x100What have I said to make you angry.
\x100\x100He searched the room only to find nothing.
\x100\x1003)\x100表原因
\x100\x100I'm glad to see you.
\x100\x100典型例题
\x100\x100The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.\x100
\x100\x100A. sit\x100B. sit on\x100C. be seat\x100D. be sat on
\x100\x100答案：B.\x100如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词.当动词与介词连用时,常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾.
\x100\x100六、作定语
\x100\x100⒈不定式作定语
\x100\x100不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后.如：
\x100\x100①The next train to arrive is from Washington.
\x100\x100②Have you anything to be taken to your sister?
\x100\x100③Do you have anything to say on the question?
\x100\x100④Would you please give me some paper to write on?
\x100\x100⑤My wish to visit France has come true at last.
\x100\x100不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：
\x100\x100(1)表示将来的动作（例①）.
\x100\x100(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不及物动词,则需加介词（例④）.
\x100\x100(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍 用主动语态（例③）；如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态（例②）.
\x100\x100(4)不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例①to arrive=that will arrive.

范围太大了，你想问什么？不定式可以作太多东西了，主谓宾定状补表都行，还有一些特殊用法什么的，太多了。。。你具体想知道什么？