怎样区分初中英语的各种时态

怎样区分初中英语的各种时态
怎样区分初中英语的各种时态

怎样区分初中英语的各种时态
一、 一般现在时
构成
通常以动词原形表示.主语是第三人称单数时,其变化按照动词的基本形式中第三人称单数变化规则
用法
1、 现在时刻发生的动作或存在的状态.如：
What time is it now? 现在几点了?
My watch is ten to six. 我的手表是差10分6点.
2、 主句的特征、性格或能力.如：
Dose Miss White teaches French? 怀特小姐是教法语的吗?
She works hard. 她工作很努力.
3、 客观真理和客观存在及自然现象.
The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起.
apan lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国东边.
4、 常性的动作,常与always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, once a week, every day等时间状语连用.
They often play football. 他们常常踢足球.
She usually has breakfast at seven in the morning. 他通常早上7点吃早餐.
5、 用于时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中表示将要发生的动作.
I’ll tell him about the news when he comes.他来时我会告诉他信息.
We’ll help her if she asks us. 只要她需要,我们乐于帮助她.
6、 表示按时间表拟定的或已经安排好的事情,或要发生的动作.主要用于come, be, start, begin, return, leave, sail, arrive等瞬间动词,句中常有表示将来时间的状语.
The plane leaves Shanghai International Airport at 15:30. 飞机15：30分离开上海国际机场.
He comes back tonight. 他今晚回来.
The plane arrives at 4:00 a.m. 着辆飞机早上4点到达.
7、 表示最近的将来,说话人说话时动作尚未开始,但即将开始.
Now I go. 现在我走啦.
Here I give you some examples. 这是我给大家举些例子.
8、 有时可用来表示离现在较近的过去.
He is gone. 他走了.
I come to apologize. 我是来道歉的.
9、 代替现在完成时,主要用于say, see, hear, learn, tell, read, write等表示互通信息的少数动词,用的场合也有限.
I hear he has left London Airport. 我听说他已经离开伦敦机场.
He writes to say he will go to China. 他写信说他要去中国.
10、 句型I hope, I bet等后面的that…分句和句型see (to it) / make sure / make certain + that …分句中可用一般现在时态表示将来时间：
I bet it rains tomorrow. 我敢打赌明天要下雨.
11、 报纸、杂志、书籍等表示客观事实的.
Chinese Athlete Wins Gold Medal 中国运动员获金牌
The report says heavy rain tonight. 报道说今晚有大雨.
注意：
1、 语为第三人称单数时,谓语动词(除be 和 have外)词尾要加-s,其构成法与名词变复数的规则相同.第三人称单数不只限于he, she, it,还有单数名词、不定代词、不可数名词、抽象名词、物质看次等.
Each of the students knows the news. 每个学生都知道这个消息.
She likes swimming. 她喜欢游泳.
2、 某些表示相对静止状态的动词be, believe, forget, hate, have, hear, know, like, mean, remember, seem, smell, taste, think, want等通常不用进行时,而用一般现在上四百十 说话时正在发生的动作.
I have a bike. 我有辆自行车.
This soup tastes good. 汤尝起来很好喝.
He wants to go out for a walk. 他想出去散散步.
二、 一般过去时
用法
1、 表示过去发生、完成的事或存在的状态,与表示过去时间的状语yesterday, last week, hours age, just now, in 1990等连用.
I met him last Monday. 我上星期一见到他.
What did you do two days age? 两天前你干了什么?
注意：一般过去时也可与today, this week, this month, this year等时间状语连用,但这些时间状语绝不包括“现在”在内.如：
Did you see her today? 今天你看见她了吗?
2、 在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中,表示过去将来的动作.
She said she wouldn’t go if it rained. 她说如果下雨她就不走了.
He said he would tell her all about it if he met her. 他说如果他见到她,他会把一切告诉她.
3、 表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,常与always, usually, often, sometimes, never等时间状语连用.
Tom always got up too late, and never had enough time for breakfast. 汤姆过去一直起得很晚,从来没有时间吃早饭.
Jenny was often late for school. 珍妮常常上学迟到.
4、 用于since引导时间状语从句中的谓语动词
1） 短暂动词的一般过去时,表示非持续性动作的结束.如：
The area has changed a great deal since I left. 自从我离开以来那地区发生了很大的变化.
It had been two years since he was in the army. 他参军两年了.
2） 持续性动词或状态动词的一般过去时,表示动作或状态的完成或结束.如：
It is / has been two years since he was in the army. 他复员两年了.
My classmates have written to me since I lived in the city. 我离开那个城市以来同学常常给我写信.
5、 一般过去时于有时形式上是过去,实际上指现在,用过去形式是根据时态一致原则.
I didn’t know you were here. 我不知道你在这里.
6、 在want, wonder, think, hope等少数几个动词中可用一般过去时表示婉转口气.
Did you want anything else?你还要什么呢?
I wondered if you could help me. 我不知道你能否帮我一下.
7、 常用”would + do”表示过去经常反复发生的动作.如：
We would turn to him for help when we were in trouble. 我们一遇到麻烦,就升秒年个 他请求帮助.
He would get up early, go to the fields to work. 他起得早,下地去干活.
三、 一般将来时
should / will + 动词原形
用法
1、 表示一个将要发生的动作或状态,“will (shall) + 动词原形”,“will”用于各人称,“shall”只用于第一人称.与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow, next time, in two days等连用.
Next month he will be eighteen. 下个月他18岁.
2、 一般将来时也可以与now, today, tonight等时间词连用.如：
I shall do it now. 我现在就做这件事.
They’ll go tonight. 他们今晚去.
3、 在疑问句中用来征询听话人的意图或愿望.如：
I will go to the classroom. Will you come with me? 我要去课室,你和我一起去好吗?
Will you please come in? 请进来,好吗?
Shall we help him clean the room now? 我们要帮他打扫房间吗?
4、 当上下文清楚时,时间状语可以省去.如：
You go ahead. I’ll catch up. 你先走吧,我会赶上来的.
5、 与状语从句连用.常与表时间的状语连用.如：
When I have time, I’ll go. 我有时间就去. （与when从句连用）
I will tell them after you leave. 你离开后我就告诉他们.（与after从句连用）
亦可与条件状语从句连用.如：
He’ll help you if you ask him. 你提出请求,他就会帮你.（与if从句连用）
6、 用于状语从句中.表时间和条件的状语从句一般用一般现在时表将来,但有时亦可用一般将来时.连词before 引导的时间状语从句可用来表以内将来时.如：
It will be long before he will come back.他要过很就才会回来.（此句的重点是before从句）
表条件的if从句亦可用一般将来时,这种从句的主语多用it.如：
If it will help at all, I will go. 如果于事有补,我就去.
7、 be going to 在口语中常用来表示已经决定或安排非要做的事,也用来表示必然、很可能发生的事或自然现象.
They are going to sell the old books.他们打算卖了旧书.
It’s going to be a fine day tomorrow. 明天是一个晴天.
8、 be to do表示按计划即将发生的动作或表示约定、职责、义务、意图、禁止、可能性等.
The meeting is to take place at nine this morning. 会议将于早上9点召开.
We are to meet at the school gate. 我们约定在校门口碰头.
Smoking is not to be allowed here. 这里禁止吸烟.
9、 be about to do用于表示就要发生的事,一般不再与时间状语连用.
He is about to go. 他要走了.
The meeting is about to begin. 会议即将开始.
注意：be going to（表示将来）与will / shall的区别：
be going to 表示将来时间通常是计划安排或打算,事先有所考虑,而will/ shall是在特定的情景里一方听了另一方的话的即刻回应.如：
I’m going to see the film tonight. 我今晚打算看电影.
—Could you post the letter for me if you go to the post office?如果你去邮局,替我把这封信寄了好吗?
—OK, I’ll post it for you. 好吧,我替你寄.
四、 一般过去将来时
用法
一般过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态.这种时态常用于宾语从句或间接引语中.主要有以下几种形式：
1、 should /would + 动词原形
这一形式表示过去将来时间,通常带有表示过去将来的时间状语,多见于从句或间接引语中.
I wanted to know when you would finish the article. 我想知道你什么时候写完论文.
He said he would wait for me at the gate. 他说他将在校门口等我.
2、 was / were going to +不定式
They told me they were going to plaint trees. 他们告诉我他们打算去植树.
3、 was / were to + 不定式
这一形式通常指按过去的计划,安排将在某个过去将来时间发生的事.
The reporter said the sports meeting was to take place soon. 记者称运动会不久将举行.
4、 was / were about to + 不定式
这一形式通常指最近的过去将来时间.
The train was about to leave. 火车马上要开了.
这一形式在一定语境中可指未曾实现的意图,表示即将或正想做某事时,突然发生了什么事.
They were about to start when it rained. 他们正要出发,天就下起雨了.
五、 现在完成时
构成
have / has + -ed
用法
1、 表示说话之前已完成的动作,而且这个动作的结果对现在是情况仍有影响.
Mr. Wang has just come back from America. 王先生刚从美国回来.
Have the office been cleaned? 办公室打扫了吗?
Have you been to Hong Kong? 你曾到过香港吗?
2、 表示过去已经开始,持续到现在,而且还可能继续下去的动作或状态.常与表示一段时间的状语today, this week, recently, lately, in the past (last) few days, since the end of last year, since two weeks age, for a long time等时间状语连用.如：
They have lived here for more than ten years. 他们已在此住了十几年.
They haven’t given us any more trouble since then. 自那以后他们再没给我们带来麻烦.
3、 在时间、条件等状语从句中,代替将来完成时.
I’ll go home as soon as I’ve had the bicycle mended. 我把自行车修好就回来.
We are going after we’ve had breakfast. 我们吃过早餐走.
4、 在“it’s the first / the second time (that)…”等结构中.
It’s the first time I have visited this city. 这是我第一次参观这座城市.
注意：1、注意区分：
have / has been to + 地点 意为“曾去过某地”,暗含目前已不在该地,仅表示当事人的一种经历而已.
have / has gone to + 地点 “到了某地去了”,暗含“已离开原地去了某地”之意,但是否到达了某地尚不确定.
如：He has gone to Shanghai. 他去了上海.
He has been to Shanghai. 他去过了上海.
2、瞬间动词的肯定式现在完成时不能与表示一段时间的状语连用.瞬间动词的否定式可以和表示一段时间的状语连用,因为否定的状态是可以延续的.如：
I haven’t seen Mary for two years. 我两年没见玛利了.
3、现在完成时不能和表示过去特定时间的状语,如yesterday, last moth, three days ago, in 1989等连用；但可以就产生不确定时间的状语连用,如：
How many pages have you read today? 今天你读了多少页?
六、 过去完成时
助动词had （用于各种人称和数）+ 过去分词
用法
1、 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已完成或延续到某一过去时间的动作或状态,即“过去的过去“.这一动作可以是一直持续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去.这个过去的时间常用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句表示,也可以用一个表示过去的动作或上下文来表示.
The train had left before she got to the station. 在她到车站以前,火车已开走了.
We had learned about 500 English words by the end of mine. 到上个月为止,我们已经学了约500个英文单词.
Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了,他曾是我的一位好友.
2、 用于以连词when, as soon as, as…as, before, after, until, now that引导的状语从句中或一些宾语从句中以表示动作发生的时间早于主句所表示的动作,可表示原因、动作先后等关系.如：
After I had finished my homework, I watched TV last night. （表时间先后）
We took a taxi home, as the last bus already gone. 由于最后一班公车已开走,所以,我们就乘出租车回家.（表原因）
He got to the airport and suddenly realized that he had forgotten to bring his ticket. 他赶到机场时突然意识到他忘了带机票.
3、 有些表示愿望、打算等的词,如：hope, expect, mean, intend, want等,其过去时可表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算或意图.如：
They had wanted to help you but could not get here in time.他们本想帮忙,却没能及时赶到.
I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at the moment. 我本想去帮你的,但当时确实太忙了.
I had thought you would come tomorrow. 我原以为你明天才来呢.
4、 在No sooner…than…；Hardly (scarcely)…when结构中,前面的动词多用过去完成时.
No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain.我们刚刚离开家就开始下雨.
5、 用在一般过去时之后的间接引语中.
He told me that he had been seen the film the day before. 他跟我说他前一天看过那个电影了.
6、 用于虚拟语气中.
If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你,他就会问你这件事了.
I should have called you if I had known your telephone number. 要是我知道你的电哈号码,我就给你打电话了.
注意：1、过去完成时的句子中,终止性动词不能与一段时间连用,而状态动词的过去完成时必须和一段时间连用.如：
He had already died. 他已经死了.
He had been dead for an hour. 他已经死了一个小时了.
2、一般过去时代替完成时的情况
1） 含有动作已经完成意义的动词,如：arrive, enter, open等,当主句和从句的两个动作紧紧相连时,两个动词都可以用一般过去时.如：
When he entered the office, he heard the telephone ringing. 他一进办公室,就听到电话响了.
2） 由连词before, after, as soon as 等引导的从句,由于连词本身意义已经说明主句和从句两个动作先后发生的关系,因此,两个动词都可以用一般过去时.如：
After he closed (= had closed) the door, he left the house. 他关好门后离开房子.
I telephoned you as soon as I got home. 我一到家,就给你打电话.
七、 将来完成时
shall / will have done sth.
用法
1、 表示在将来某一时刻或某一时刻之前已完成的动作,并往往对将来某一时间产生影响,常与表示将来的时间状语及条件或时间状语从句连用.如：
How many words shall we have learned by the end of term? 到本学期末我们学了多少词汇?
Next Monday I shall have been for a month. 到下周一,我到这就满一个月了.
If you come at five o’clock, I shall not yet have finished dinner. 你若5点来,我还没吃完晚饭.
When you get home, she will have gone to bed. 你到家时,她3该已经睡了.
2、 表示一种推测.主要用语第二、第三人称.如：
She will have watched this film already. 她恐怕已经看过这场电影了.
You will have arrived home by now. 这时候你可能已经到家了.
八、 过去将来完成时
should / would have done sth.
用法
1、 过去将来完成时表示在过去将来某一时间以前发生的动作,并往往会对过去将来某一时间产生影响.
We hoped that she would have got the plan ready before we came back. 我们希望她能在我们回来之前把计划做好.
He said he would let me have the book as soon as he had read it. 他说书一看完就借给我.
2、 过去将来完成时还常用在虚拟语气中,表示与过去的事实相反.如：
If I had seen him this anteroom, I would have told him about it. 今天下午我要是见到他,我会告诉他那件事的.
九、 现在进行时
am / are / is + doing
用法
1、表示说话时正在进行而未完成的动作或状态.
They are watching TV. 他们正在看电视.
2、表示现阶段正在进行的动作,虽然此时此刻动作不一定正在进行.
They are preparing for the exam these days. 他们这些天正在准考试.
3、 时间、条件等状语从句中代替将来进行时.
If I am sleeping when he comes, wake me up. 如果他来时我在睡觉,叫醒我.
4、 与副词always, usually, constantly, forever, continually等连用,表达说话的某种感情色彩.
She is always doing wrong. 她总是做错事.
5、 表示按计划安排近期内即将发生的动作,即常表示最近或较近的将来.Come, go, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来时间的状语连用表示“意图”“安排”（但表示固定不变的）或“打算”的含义.如：
What are you doing on Sunday evening? 你周日晚上打算干什么?
Are you coming on Sunday? 你周日来吗?
I must be leaving now. 我现在该走了.
What are you doing after school today?你们今天放学后干什么?
6、 口语中某些表示说话的动词,如ask, tell, talk, say等也用现在进行时表示刚刚过去的动作.如：
The woman who you are asking about is over there. 你刚才问的那个女人就在那边.
I don’t know what you are talking about. 我不知道你在讲什么.
7、 少数表示心理活动的静态动词如hope, wonder等也可以用现在进行时表示客气的口气.如：
I’m hoping you’ll give us some advice. 我希望你能给我们提建议.
I’m wondering if I may go out for a walk with you. 我在想是否可以和你出去散步.
注意：能用现在进行时的动词通常都是表示动作的动词,尤其是表示持续性动作的动词,如：work, study, live, stay, read, write等；不表示持续的行为,而表示知觉、看法、认识、感情、愿望或某种状态的动词通常不用现在进行时.如：see, hear, smell, taste, recognize, notice, forget, remember, understand, know, believe, suppose, mean, love, hate, dislike, forgive, want, refuse, belong to, seem等.
十、 过去进行时
构成：was / were + 现在分词
用法
1、 表示在过去某一时间正在进行的动作,往往有表示过去的时间状语then, at that time, this time yesterday等,或与过去发生的某事同时发生的动作（即与when, while引出的时间状语从句连用）.
They were talking about a film at six yesterday evening. 昨晚6点他们正在谈论一部电影.
What were you doing at this time last week? 上周的这个时候你在干什么?
When the teacher came in, they were talking. 老师尽量时,他们在讲话.
2、 表示在过去某一段时间内进行的动作.
They were swimming from two to three yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午2点到3点他们在游泳.
She was watching TV the whole morning. 她整个上午在看电视.
3、 表示过去将要发生的动作.
He said he was leaving on Tuesday. 他说他周二动身.
Tom said he was going tomorrow. 汤姆说他明天去.
4、 过去进行时有时可表示过去未实现的意愿或打算.
She was leaving the next day but she missed the train. 他本来打算第二天离开,但她没赶上火车.
I was sending him some book this morning but I forget it. 今天早上本想给她寄些书,可以给忘了.
5、 用过去进行时描写故事背景.
It was getting dark. The wind was rising. 天渐渐黑了下来,风势增强了.
The procession was going. He was standing among the crowd looking on. 队伍在前进.他站在人群中观看.
6、 过去进行时动词常与always, forever, continually, constantly, frequently等副词连用,代替一般过去时,强调表示过去经常性或习惯性动作,表示出说话人的赞美、厌烦等情绪.
He was constantly leaving his things everywhere. 他老是把东西乱丢.
It was raining frequently here. 这里老是下雨.
7、 动词hope, wonder, think等用于过去进行时,表示谦虚、有礼貌的询问或建议,并非指过去,而是指现在.
I was hoping you wouldn’t mind having supper with me. 我希望你不要介意和我吃晚饭.
I was wondering whether you’d like to go to the cinema with me. 我想知道你是否愿意和我一起看电影.
I was thinking it might be a good idea to pay a visit to my friend. 我想去拜访我的朋友会是个好主意.
十一、将来进行时
构成： shall / will + be + 现在分词
用法
1、 将来进行时主要表示将来某时刻正在进行的动作,常表示事情的正常发展,是有客观情况决定的.
I sill be sitting on the train at 9:00 tomorrow morning. 明天早上9点我将正在火车上.
I’ll be seeing Mr. Smith tomorrow. 我明天将见到史密斯先生.
2、 表示已决定或预料要发生的将来动作.
What shall we be doing next? 下一步我们干什么?
The train will be leaving in a second. 火车马上就要开出了.
Come on, we’ll be having lunch in a minute. 快点,马上就要吃午饭了.
3、 表原因、结果和可能.
Please come tomorrow afternoon. Tomorrow morning I’ll be having a meeting. 请你明天下午来吧.明天上午我有一个会议.（表原因）
If I fall to appear by 6 o’clock, I will not be coming at all.如果我6点还没到,我就不会来了.（表结果,与条件从句连用）
I suppose you will be leaving soon. 我估计你快走了吧.(表可能,用于suppose之后)
4、 表推测,will还有“大概”或“一定”的意味,即表示一种揣测和表示某种倾向或习惯性的动作,不表看来而表现在,常与now连用.
5、 表委婉.
Will you be needing anything else? 你还需要什么吗?
十二、过去将来进行时
should / would be doing
用法
表示在过去将来某一时刻或时段内正在进行的动作或预计要发生的动作.常用在宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句尤其是间接引语中.如：
I thought you would be sleeping. 我以为这会儿你已经睡着了.
Tom said they would be sitting off on 11 o’clock train. 汤姆告诉我,他们将乘11”00的火车去.
I didn’t know when I would be seeing them again. 我不知道什么时候能再见到他们.
十三、现在完成进行时
构成：have / has been + 现在分词
用法
用于表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间,动作是否继续下去,需视起来而定.如：
How long has it been raining? 雨下多久了?
She has been sitting there for more than 2 hours. 他已经在那坐了两个小时了.
We’ve been seeing quite a lot of each other recently. 最近我们常见面.
He has been telephoning me several times in two days. 这两天他打好几次电话给我.

看动词

看动词

记清楚各种时态的基本形式，然后看谓语部分就可以咯。