鱼的英文简介

鱼的英文简介
鱼的英文简介

鱼的英文简介
鱼类是最古老的脊椎动物.它们几乎栖居于地球上所有的水生环境━━从淡水的湖泊、河流到咸水的大海和大洋.
Fish is the most ancient vertebrate. They inhabit the earth almost all aquatic environments - from freshwater lakes, rivers and oceans of salty sea.
　　世界上现存已发现的鱼类约二万六千种,海洋中生活着占三分之二,其余的生活在淡水中.中国计有二千五百种,其中可供药用的有百种以上,常见的药用动物有海马、海龙、黄鳝、鲤鱼、鲫鱼、鲟鱼（鳔为鱼鳔胶）、大黄鱼（耳石为鱼脑石）、鲨鱼等等.另外,还常用作医药工业的原料,例如鳕鱼、鲨鱼或鳐的肝是提取鱼肝油（维生素A和维生素D）的主要原料.从各种鱼肉里可提取水解蛋白、细胞色素C、卵磷脂、脑磷脂等.河鲀的肝脏和卵巢里含有大量的河豚毒素,可以提取出来治疗神经病、痉挛、肿瘤等病症.大型鱼类的胆汁可以提制“胆色素钙盐”,为人工制造牛黄的原料. 鱼类各纲之间的差异之大就如陆生脊椎动物各纲之间.一般认为,鱼类是体滑而形如纺锤、呈流线型、具鳍、用鳃呼吸的水栖动物,但更多的种类不符合此定义.有的鱼体极长,有的极短；有的侧扁,有的扁平；有的鳍大或形状复杂,有的退化乃至消化；口、眼、鼻孔、鳃开口形状位置变化极大；有的鱼呼吸空气,浸入水中反会淹死.鱼类是人类的重要食物.过度捕捞、污染和环境变化都会破坏鱼类资源.鱼类捕食孑孓,有助於控制疟疾等蚊传疾病.鱼是行为学、生理学、生态学及医学的重要实验动物.许多鱼饲以观赏,许多种是游钓鱼.鱼体长从不足10公釐(0.4吋)至20多公尺,重约1.5克至约4,000公斤.体色多与环境一致而具隐蔽作用.有的鱼体色鲜豔,且具斑纹,有辨识意义.有的鱼能张缩色素细胞而改变体色,有的鱼能发光.
The world has been found about twenty-six thousand kinds of fish that live in the ocean, accounted for 2/3, the rest lives in fresh water. China plans to have two thousand five hundred kinds, which can be used for medicine has more than 100 kinds, common medicinal animal hippocampus, dragon, ricefield eel, carp, crucian carp, sturgeon ( bladder for fish glue ), large yellow croaker ( otolith for fish rubrum ), sharks and so on. In addition, it can be used as medicine and industrial raw materials, such as cod, shark or ray of the liver, cod liver oil is extracted ( vitamin A and vitamin D ) is the main raw material. From a variety of fish can be extracted from the hydrolysis of proteins, cytochrome C, lecithin, cephalin. Puffer liver and ovary contains a lot of tetrodotoxin, can be extracted from the treatment of neuropathy, spasticity, cancer and other diseases. Large fish bile can extract " bile pigment calcium salts ", as the artificial bezoar raw materials. Fish every class differences between the large as terrestrial vertebrates between each class. Generally, the fish is a body slide and spindle, streamlined, with fins with gills, aquatic animal, but more species do not meet this definition. Some of the fish body is extremely long, sometimes very short; some laterally compressed, some flat fin; some large or complex shape, some degradation and digestion; mouth, eyes, nostrils, gill opening shape and location vary greatly; some of the fish to breathe air, immersed in the water can drown. Is an important food fish. Overfishing, pollution and environmental change will destroy the fish resources. Fish prey wiggler, helps in the control of malaria and other mosquito borne disease. Fish behavior, physiology, ecology and important medical experimental animal. Many of the fish fed with ornamental, many are game fish. Body length from less than 10 mm ( 0.4 inch) to 20 meters, weighing about 1.5 grams to about 4000 kilograms. Body color with environment consistent and covert action. Some fish are brightly colored, and markings, identification significance. Some fish can shrink pigment cells and change its color, some fish can shine.
　　鱼是一种水生的冷血脊椎动物,用鳃呼吸,具有颚和鳍.现存鱼类可分为两个主要族群：软骨鱼类（如鲨鱼等）和 硬骨鱼类（线状鳍和波状鳍的鱼类）.这两种族群的鱼类都首先出现在泥盆纪早期.线状鳍鱼中较进阶的一群称为硬骨鱼,在侏罗纪时开始进化,到了今日,已变成个体数量最多的鱼类.另外也有数种已绝种的鱼类.
The fish is an aquatic cold-blooded vertebrates, with gills, having a jaw and a fin. The fish can be divided into two main groups: cartilaginous fish ( such as sharks) and bony fishes ( linear fins and wavy fin fish ). The two groups of fish have first appeared in the early devonian. Linear rays of more advanced group called the bony fish, in the Jurassic began to evolve, to today, has become the largest number of fish individual. In addition several extinct fish.
　　鱼,相伴人类走过了五千多年历程,与人类结下了不解之缘,成为人类日常生活中极为重要的食品与观赏宠物,但人们对什么动物是“鱼”?鱼的定义应如何下,却知者甚少.随着科学的发展,人们对鱼所下的定义也发生了很大的变化.
Fish, accompanied by human beings through the course of five thousand years, with human forges the indissoluble bound, become the human daily life is extremely important in food and ornamental pet, but people in what animal is " fish "? The fish should be defined how, but very few people know about it. With the development of science, people to fish the definition has changed a lot.
　　近五亿年前,地球上生命历程进程中发生了一次重大的飞跃,出现了最早的鱼形动物,揭开了脊椎动物史的序幕,从而导致动物界的发展,进入了一个新的历史阶段.真正的鱼类最早出现于三亿余年前,在整个悠久历史过程中,曾经生存过大量的鱼类,早已随着时间的消逝而消亡绝灭,今天生存在地球上的鱼类,仅仅是后来出现、演化而来的极小的一部分种类.
Nearly five hundred million years ago, life on earth has occurred in the course of a major leap forward, the emergence of the earliest fish animal, opened in vertebrate history prologue, thereby causing the animal industry development, has entered a new historical stage. Real fishes first appeared more than three hundred million years ago, during the long historical process, once existed a large number of fish, already with the passage of time and the demise of extinction, today live in the earth of the fish, only later, evolved from the tiny a minute class.
　　人类在很早以前就能识别物种,给以名称,通常所说的“鱼”包括水中的所有动物,因而把许多生活在水中的动物均冠以鱼名,把鲸、海豹、大鲵（娃娃鱼）、乌贼、鱿鱼、章鱼、海星、海蜇、海绵、文昌鱼等与鱼类混为一谈.到底那些水生动物才是真正的“鱼”,对于“鱼”的划分,在不同年代有着不同的定义.
Human in the very early days to identify species, given name, commonly referred to as " fish " including water all animal, so many lives in water of the animal are branded as fish, the whale, seal, giant salamander ( giant ), squid, squid, octopus, jellyfish, starfish, sponge, amphioxus, and fish be confused. All of the aquatic animal is the real " fish ", for " fish " division, at different times have different definitions.
　　二千几百年前古希腊哲学家柏拉图对鱼类所下的定义是：“这一类（鱼类）是由完全无知无觉的东西造出来的.变形之主以为在这一类中给予纯洁的呼吸是不再值得的,因为它们是各种罪恶的后代,而存在着不洁之心.变形之主把它们投入水中,使它们通过深厚的污泥,来呼吸那神妙而纯洁的空气.这就是鱼和牡蛎以及其他所有的水生动物,作为有了莫大的无知之罪而得到的处罚,被遥远地分离开来了”.柏拉图的观点充满了神创论.由于近代科学的发展,早已彻底否定了这种观点.
Erqianjibai years ago, the ancient Greek philosopher Platon on fish is defined as: " this class ( FISH ) is completely unconscious things created. Deformation of the main thought in this category to give pure breathing is not worth it, because they are all evil offspring, and the existence of unclean hearts. Deformation of the main put them into the water, making them through the deep mud, to breathe the marvelous and pure air. This is the fish and oysters and all the other aquatic animal, as have the great ignorance of crime and punishment, be far separated ". Platon's point of view is full of creationism. Due to the development of modern science, is already completely denies this view.
　　我国汉代初期的《尔雅》把动物分为虫、鱼、鸟、兽4类,其中鱼包括了鱼类、两栖类、爬行类等低等脊椎动物及鲸和虾、蟹、贝类等
China's Han Dynasty initial " Er " the animal is divided into worms, fish, birds, beast 4, wherein the fish include fish, amphibians, reptiles and other lower vertebrates and whales and shrimp, crab, and other shellfish
　　18世纪瑞典博物学家林奈创立了现代分类学,他在所著的《自然系统》一书中,他将动物界分为哺乳、鸟、两栖、鱼、昆虫及蠕虫等6纲.1859年,英国生物学家达尔文出版了《物种起源》一书,诞生了系统分类学.从此,鱼类的定义及包含范围也就确定下来.
In eighteenth Century Swedish naturalist Lin Nai founded the modern taxonomy, he in the " natural system " in one book, he will be divided into the animal, bird, fish, amphibians, mammals, insects and worms in 6 class. In 1859, British biologist Darwin published the " origin of species " one book, the birth of systematics. Since then, the definition and scope of fishes contains is determined.
　　究竟那些动物属于“鱼”?现代分类学家给“鱼”下的定义是：终生生活在水里、用鳃呼吸、用鳍游泳的脊椎动物.鱼类包括园口纲、软骨鱼纲和硬骨鱼纲等三大类群、世界上已知鱼类约有26000多种,是脊椎动物中种类最多的一大类,约占脊椎动物总数的48.1%.它们绝大多数生活在海洋里,淡水鱼约有8600余种.我国现有鱼类近3千种,其中淡水鱼约1000种左右.
What the animal belongs to the " fish "? Modern taxonomists to " fish " is defined by : lifetime live in water, with gills, fin swimming vertebrates. Fish include Park Export class, class Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes, three groups, the world's known about fish has 26000 a variety of, are vertebrates that range up to a large class of vertebrates, accounts for about 48.1%. of the total number of most of them live in the sea, about 8600 species of freshwater fish. Our country existing fish nearly 3000, of which approximately about 1000 kinds of freshwater fish.