用英语分别介绍jazz,rap ,rock and roll ,country music

用英语分别介绍jazz,rap ,rock and roll ,country music
用英语分别介绍jazz,rap ,rock and roll ,country music

用英语分别介绍jazz,rap ,rock and roll ,country music
jazz
　　I Introduction
　　Jazz, type of music first developed by African Americans around the first decade of the 20th century that has an identifiable history and distinct stylistic evolution. Jazz grew up alongside the blues and popular music, and all these genres overlap in many ways. However, critics generally agree about whether artists fall squarely in one camp or another.
　　II Characteristics
　　Since its beginnings jazz has branched out into so many styles that no single description fits all of them accurately. A few generalizations can be made, however, bearing in mind that for all of them, exceptions can be cited.
　　Performers of jazz improvise within the conventions of their chosen style. Typically, the improvisation is accompanied by the repeated chord progression of a popular song or an original composition. Instrumentalists emulate black vocal styles, including the use of glissandi (sliding movements that smoothly change the pitch), nuances of pitch (including blue notes, the “bent” notes that are played or sung slightly lower than the major scale), and tonal effects such as growls and wails.
　　In striving to develop a personal sound, or tone color (an idiosyncratic sense of rhythm and form and an individual style of execution), performers create rhythms characterized by constant syncopation (the placing of accents in unexpected places, usually on the weaker beat) and by swing. Swing can be defined as a sensation of momentum in which a melody is alternately heard together with, then slightly at variance with, the regular beat. Written scores, if present, are often used merely as guides, providing structure within which improvisation occurs. The typical instrumentation begins with a rhythm section consisting of piano, string bass, drums, and optional guitar, to which may be added any number of wind instruments. In big bands the wind instruments are grouped into three sections: saxophones, trombones, and trumpets.
　　Although exceptions occur in some styles, most jazz is based on the principle that an infinite number of melodies can fit the chord progressions of any song. The musician improvises new melodies that fit the chord progression, which is repeated again and again as each soloist is featured, for as many choruses as desired.
　　Although pieces with many different formal patterns are used for jazz improvisation, two formal patterns in particular are frequently found in songs used for jazz. One is the AABA form of popular-song choruses, which typically consists of 32 measures in ¹ meter, divided into four 8-measure sections: section A, a repetition of section A, section B (the “bridge” or “release,” often beginning in a new key), and a repetition of section A. The second form, with roots deep in African American folk music, is the 12-bar blues form. Unlike the 32-bar AABA form, blues songs have a fairly standardized chord progression.
　　III Origins
　　Jazz is rooted in the mingled musical traditions of African Americans. These include traits surviving from West African music; black folk music forms developed in the Americas; European popular and light classical music of the 18th and 19th centuries; and later popular music forms influenced by black music or produced by black composers. Among the surviving African traits are vocal styles that include great freedom of vocal color; a tradition of improvisation; call-and-response patterns; and rhythmic complexity, both in the syncopation of individual melodic lines and in the conflicting rhythms played by different members of an ensemble. Black folk music forms include field hollers, rowing chants, lullabies, and later, spirituals and blues (see African American Music).
　　European music contributed specific styles and forms: hymns, marches, waltzes, quadrilles, and other dance music, as well as light theatrical music and Italian operatic music. European music also introduced theoretical elements, in particular, harmony, both as a vocabulary of chords and as a concept related to musical form. (Much of the European influence was absorbed through private lessons in European music, even when the black musicians so trained could only find work in seedy entertainment districts and on Mississippi riverboats.)
　　Black-influenced elements of popular music that contributed to jazz include the banjo music of the minstrel shows (derived from the banjo music of slaves), the syncopated rhythmic patterns of African-influenced Latin American music (heard in southern U.S. cities), the barrelhouse piano styles of tavern musicians in the Midwest, and the marches played by black brass bands in the late 19th century. Near the end of the 19th century, another influential genre emerged. This was ragtime, a composed music that combined many elements, including syncopated rhythms (from banjo music and other black sources) and the harmonic contrasts and formal patterns of European marches. After 1910 bandleader W. C. Handy took another influential form, the blues, and broke its strict oral tradition by publishing his original blues songs. (Favored by jazz musicians, Handy’s songs found one of their greatest interpreters in the 1920s in blues singer Bessie Smith, who recorded many of them.)
　　The merging of these multiple influences into jazz is difficult to reconstruct because it occurred before the existence of recording, which has provided valuable documentation. Of course, individual musicians had varying backgrounds and few people were directly exposed to all of these influences. For example, most jazz artists were and are city dwellers and might have only known rural black forms indirectly.
　　IV History
　　Most early jazz was played in small dance bands or by solo pianists. Besides ragtime and marches, the repertoire included all kinds of popular dance music and blues. The bands typically played at picnics, weddings, parades, and funerals. Characteristically, the bands played dirges on the way to funerals and lively marches on the way back. Blues and ragtime had arisen independently just a few years before jazz and continued to exist alongside it, influencing the style and forms of jazz and providing important vehicles for jazz improvisation.
　　RAP
　　The traditional entertainment involving talking and singing (Rap) is in black slang words and expressions, is equal in “the conversation” (talking), is from New York impoverished black community. It by under machinery's rhythm sound's background, related fast a succession of ryhme the verse is a characteristic. One of this form origins was the past broadcasting station master of ceremonies in introduced when phonograph record used one kind fast, ryhme shoptalk language. Lapp's lyrics are humorous, are charming, often has sarcastic, in the 80s receives the black to welcome especially. The most representative orchestra is “the overt enemy” (Public Enemy). Sometimes Lapp also calls “the Shipp - hopp” (hip-hop). In fact, the Shipp - hopp's meaning was wider, makes a general reference at that time New York street corner culture each ingredient, besides Lapp, but also had: (Lapp uses frequently) places with the hand on the record player turntable's phonograph record shuttle, sends out has the rhythm to blow the fricative; Phonograph record broadcast (DJ) when transformation phonograph record splicing canned music piece, cannot listen to the interrupt trace technique; Break dancing and so on.
　　Reprimanding or traditional entertainment involving talking and singing music, rhythm and blue color music (R&B) style including the rhythmic vocals sophistry in music accompaniment. The accompaniment includes the electronic drum to strike generally with the sample (digital sound bite which isolates) is unified from other music sound recording. in 1979 the first reprimanding record has been created, and the style rose to has broken out in the US in the mid-80s. Although the deadline reprimanding interchangeability is used frequently and the coordination strikes and music which sings by the rhythm reads aloud, the latter deadline contains the subculture group, traditional entertainment involving talking and singing music is simply. The deadline coordination strikes and music which sings by the rhythm reads aloud obtains from early phrase middle is used in reprimanding, with is possibly discovered in the seminal fluid sound recording " the conversation delight " (1979) by the Sugarhill gang. Except the traditional entertainment involving talking and singing music outside, the coordination strikes and music subculture group which sings by the rhythm reads aloud, and indicated including other forms, dances including the break with the street picture art, and a unique slang vocabulary and popular idea. the reprimanding initiated in the mid-70s south New York the Bronx area. The reprimanding rise is born with many way parallel rock and rolls in the 50s (see also the rock and roll: Rock and roll): The origin by is small in the non-lineage American's community and two hearts, the independence recorded the label to record and nearly has been sold completely at first to the black audience. To two cases, the new style has attracted the white musician gradually, do some who start to carry out it. For rock and roll this is a white singer from the Mississippi, Elvis Presley, breaks the billboard magazine pop music chart. In order to reprimand this is a white group from New York, Beastie boy, and the popular song " the walk " (1986), reprimands the group the cooperation to run black like this DMC and white hard lithizone Aerosmith. After 1986, becomes to the sample use and by the sophistry sound style generally in the black and the white performer pop music, revises anything the previous concept to constitute a legitimate song, the constitution enormously, or musical instrument.
　　rock and roll
　　One: What is the rock and roll? what rock and roll? Rock and roll, rock and roll spirit, rock and roll disposition .The general designation rock and roll culture, the so-called rock and roll, it not solely is some category culture or art. In the different time's rock and roll perpetual flow, the rock and roll already was not only one kind of music form also or mental consciousness, but took one to have the individuality artistic class to exist alone. Chinese domain as if could not find an appropriate phrase to describe it, in ours dictionary, is called it the rock and roll culture. the rock and roll's scope is as if too broad, any kind of sole artistic form as if with difficulty complete load bearing it, art is in sole possession of the limitation has also resisted the rock and roll thought spread. But rock and roll, namely “ROCKandROLL” the true meaning as if has also walked into the mire. Under the people unscrupulous misunderstanding, it in each one simple empty boasting's cerebrum subcortical at sixes and sevens which twists, torn to pieces. Undeniably, the rock and roll regarding us in most people are not spiritual opium that kind of desire. I pursue possibly is not popular is putting on, advanced thought that attractive girlfriend .Even is only likes putting on the inferior T-shirt ocean which the roadside is printed with arranges in order me to paint a portrait to sprinkle in midsummer's street corner. Is opposite is the same in the rock and roll manner, has a rebel, retains a reason and pure. But I regarding rock and roll culture understanding also only in this. the rock and roll is one kind of music shape, is one cultural phenomenon.
　　1st, originned the review first half of 20th century's American history, from the late 20s to the mid-30s, Europe and America had the economic crisis, had economical the great depression; In the late 30s, the Second World War erupts; in 1941 Japan attacked Pearl harbor, the American investment antifascist war, the war only then finished until 1945. Looks again after in the 50s, in the 50s, the US is a relative stabilization and the prosperous time, also regards as American's prosperous time frequently. The 60s is in the American history one of most turbulent ages. Because dispatches troops attends the Vietnam War, encounters people's opposition, causes the nation to be at the society, the political extremely not peaceful condition. exactly in the 50s, after specially in 1952 Eisenhower takes office president, the American economy starts stably, the entire society is also at the condition which enjoys a good and prosperous life. Therefore, the middle class increases gradually, they raised children, presented a birth peak. Young people's quantity grows unprecedentedly, this world has become young people's world all of a sudden. At that time, the children in the after school life, stayed generally with the family member in the same place. The television program is also quite healthy, also does not have the too big gap in music interest. The blue senior citizen appreciates music also basic same, is the 40s and the 50s " the big orchestra " performance's music, but also had continues several dozens years to bite the sound of something being struck or falling to the ground lane song, the lyrics expressed the pure love frequently, music do not have the threat, gave the human comfortably as far as possible one kind, the peaceful feeling. to the mid-50s, this group of young people, because the living condition is superior, has not looked like the person of father's generation such to experience the war and the misery, simultaneously time family love, therefore, they start not to understand that parents' thought and the life style, do not want the parents for the path which own arranges. They had their pursue and the hobby, moreover, because overwhelms with numerical strength, has formed a formidable strength, they no longer follow the parents to appreciate these sentimental popular songs. By now, they happen to had found their sound in the rock and roll. The rock and roll simple, is powerful, is straightforward, specially it that intense rhythm, with the young people energetic, the active characteristic tallies; The rock and roll unrestrained performance situation, adapts with theirs rebellious attitude; The rock and roll sings the theme, is closely related with their issue of concern.
　　country music
　　I Introduction
　　Print this section | Edit this section
　　Country Music or Country-and-Western Music, major genre of American popular music, primarily produced by white Southerners beginning in the early 1920s. Born out of the folk music of Southern Appalachia, country music encompasses the styles known as Western swing, honky-tonk, bluegrass, rockabilly, and new country. Over the years country music has been influenced by folk, gospel, rhythm-and-blues (R&B), and rock music and in turn has had an impact on these popular genres. Although originally known by the derisive label “hillbilly music,” country has since moved into the popular music mainstream and gained wide international acceptance.
　　II Characteristic Musical Elements
　　Print this section | Edit this section
　　Musically speaking, country music is one of the simplest styles to create and one of the least intimidating to listen to, features that contribute to its popularity. This basic aspect of country music stems from the fact that it is based predominantly on lyric content rather than musical content. In country, the primary purpose of the musical elements of harmony, melody, and rhythm is to showcase the lyrics without distracting from them. Exceptions to this general rule include the purely instrumental music from country music’s early history and the technical virtuosity often found in bluegrass music.
　　Country harmony relies for the most part on a simple selection of repeated chords—usually three, although additional chords or as few as two may be used. Vocals appear mainly as single, unharmonized lines, although at times they are harmonized with high, closely spaced voices, especially in the chorus of a song. Rhythmically, there is little syncopation. Most country music is written in ¹ time (four beats to a measure), with the first and third beats receiving emphasis. Melodies are typically just as basic as the rhythm. Many country tunes sound very similar and are distinguishable by their lyrics.
　　The lyrics of country songs commonly parallel the lives of ordinary, working-class Americans and cover such subjects as love and relationships, loneliness, religion, poverty, and work. A song’s lyric theme is frequently repeated as a hook (a catchy musical phrase) in the chorus section. Most country lyrics are extraordinarily economical, using 150 or fewer words, and the compact result is often poetic and evocative.