谁能给我些有关civil war的信息?要比较具体的.对不起,忘记说了,是要英文的.不是汉语.要美国的.American civil war.Please help me.

谁能给我些有关civil war的信息?要比较具体的.对不起,忘记说了,是要英文的.不是汉语.要美国的.American civil war.Please help me.
谁能给我些有关civil war的信息?要比较具体的.
对不起,忘记说了,是要英文的.不是汉语.要美国的.American civil war.Please help me.

谁能给我些有关civil war的信息?要比较具体的.对不起,忘记说了,是要英文的.不是汉语.要美国的.American civil war.Please help me.
it is too long. shall i send it to ur box?
The American Civil War (1861–1865) was a bitter sectional conflict that began after southern states of the United States tried to secede from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. The United States did not recognize any right of secession, and fighting began after the Confederacy used force to seize U.S. federal property within its boundaries. After a fairly quiet first year, three very bloody years of fighting ended with a decisive Union victory, followed by a period of Reconstruction. The war produced more than 970,000 casualties (3 percent of the population), including approximately 560,000 deaths. The causes of the war, the reasons for the outcome, and even the name of the war itself, are subjects of much controversy, even today.
Causes of the War
Main articles: Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events
The origins of the American Civil War lay in the complex issues of slavery, politics, disagreements over the scope of States' rights, Manifest Destiny, sectionalism, economic competition, modernization, and competing nationalisms of the Antebellum period. Although there is little disagreement among historians on the details of the events that led to war, there is disagreement on exactly what caused what and the relative importance. There is no consensus on whether the war could have been avoided, or if it should have been avoided.
Failure to compromise
In 1854, the old Second Party System broke down after passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The Whig Party disappeared, and the new Republican Party arose in its place. It was the nation's first major political party with only sectional appeal; though it had much of the old Whig economic platform, its popularity rested on its commitment to stop the expansion of slavery into new territories. Open warfare in the Kansas Territory, the panic of 1857, and John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry further heightened sectional tensions and helped Republicans sweep elections in 1860. The election of Abraham Lincoln, who met staunch opposition from Southern slave-owning interests, triggered Southern secession from the union.
During the secession crisis, many politicians argued for a new sectional accommodation to preserve the Union, focusing in particular on the proposed "Crittenden Compromise." But historians in the 1930s such as James G. Randall argued that the rise of mass democracy, the breakdown of the Second Party System, and increasingly virulent and hostile sectional rhetoric made it highly unlikely, if not impossible, to bring about the compromises of the past (such as the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850). Indeed, the Crittenden Compromise was rejected by Republicans. One possible "compromise" was peaceful secession agreed to by the United States, which was seriously discussed in late 1860—and supported by many abolitionists—but was rejected by James Buchanan's conservative Democrats as well as the Republican leadership.
States Rights
The States' Rights debate cuts across the issues. Southerners argued that the federal government had no power to prevent slaves from being carried into new territories, but they also demanded federal jurisdiction over slaves who escaped into the North. Northerners took reversed, though equally contradictory, stances on these issues.
Slavery as a cause of the War

Example of slave treatment: Back deeply scarred from whippingFocus on the slavery issue has been cyclical. It was considered the main cause in the 1860–1890 era. From 1900 to 1955, historians considered anti-slavery agitation to be less important than constitutional, economic, and cultural issues. Since the 1960s, historians have returned to an emphasis on slavery as a major cause of the war. Specifically, they note that the South insisted on protecting it and the North insisted on weakening it.
For Southern leaders, the preservation of slavery emerged as a political imperative. As the basis of the Southern labor system and a major store of Southern wealth (see "Economics," below), it was the core of the region's political interests within the Union. The section's politicians identified as Southern "rights" the equal opportunity to introduce its labor system and property (i.e. slaves) into newly opened territories, and to retrieve escaped slaves from the free states with federal assistance.
Northern resistance to slavery fell into the categories of self interest and moral (largely religious) opposition. In the small-producer economy of the North, a free-labor ideology (see "Ideologies," below) grew up that celebrated the dignity of labor and the opportunities available to working men. Slavery was seen as unfair competition for men attempting to better themselves in life. Slavery was also seen as a threat to democracy; Northerners believed that a corrupt oligarchy of rich planters, the Slave Power, dominated Southern politics, and national politics as well. Northerners also objected on moral grounds to being legally required to enforce fugitive slave laws. The slave laws were enforced because of the compromise of 1850 that allowed California to enter the Union as a free state. The south wanted a stricter fugitive slave law, which they were granted.
Abolitionism as a cause of the war
By the 1830s, a small but outspoken abolitionist movement arose, led by New Englanders and free blacks, including William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and Lucretia Mott. Many people North and South considered slavery an undesirable institution, but by the 1840s the militant abolitionists went much further and declared that owning a slave was a terrible sin, and that the institution should be immediately abolished. Southerners bitterly resented this moralistic attack, and also the stereotypical presentation of slave owners as heartless Simon Legrees in the overwhelmingly popular (in the North) book and play by Harriet Beecher Stowe, "Uncle Tom's Cabin" (1852). Historians continue to debate whether slave owners actually felt either guilt or shame (Berringer 359-60[1]). But there is no doubt the southerners were angered by the abolitionist attacks. Starting in the 1830s there was a widespread and growing ideological defense of the "peculiar institution" everywhere in the South. By the 1850s Northern teachers suspected of any tinge of abolitionism were expelled from the region, and abolitionist literature was banned there as well. The secessionists rejected the denials of Republicans that they were abolitionists, and pointed to John Brown's attempt in 1859 to start a slave uprising as proof that multiple northern conspiracies were afoot to ignite bloody slave rebellions. No evidence of any Brown-like conspiracy has been discovered by historians.
Economics
The free-labor and slavery-based labor systems of North and South had different, complementary economic bases. The Middle Atlantic and New England regions developed a commercial market economy, and built the nation's first factories. The tariff was not a factor--after 1847 tariffs were low and did not protect industry. The Midwest, the free states west of the Appalachians, had an agricultural economy that exported its surplus production to the other U.S. regions and to Europe. The South, in addition to much subsistence agriculture, depended upon large-scale production of export crops, primarily cotton and (to a lesser extent) tobacco, raised by slaves. (Slaves were a key component in Southern wealth, comprising the second most valuable form of property in the region, after real estate.) Some of its cotton was sold to New England textile mills, though much more of it was shipped to Britain. The dominance of this crop led to the expression "King Cotton." However, shipping, brokerage, insurance, and other financial mediation for the trade was centered in the North, particularly in New York City.

Abraham Lincoln
16th President (1861–1865)These contrasting economic interests led to sectional agendas that, at times, competed in Congress. Pennsylvania politicians, for example, pushed for a protective tariff to foster the iron industry. Southerners, tied to an export economy, sought free-trade policies. There was some demand in the West for federally funded improvements in roads and waterways, but less support in the agricultural South. However, there was no unanimity of support for such programs even within each region. Northern farmers also depended upon exports; early railroad managers desired reduced tariffs on imported iron; many Northern Democrats opposed any federal role in the nation's infrastructure, while Southern Whigs favored it. As a result, the significance of economic conflict has been exaggerated: North and South did not compete but were complementary. Each depended on the other for prosperity. King Cotton's greatest importance may have been in fostering the secessionist belief that it would prove a sufficient support for an independent Southern nation. Many believed that British prosperity depended on cotton, and that surely Britain (and possibly France) would help protect cotton supplies by helping the Confederacy gain independence. This analysis proved a delusion during the war, but it seems to have been influential in 1860-61 during the debates.
Ideologies
Both North and South believed strongly in republican values of democracy and civic virtue. But their conceptualizations were diverging. Each side thought the other was aggressive toward it, and was violating both the Constitution and the core values of American republicanism
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War

关于“CIVIL WAR”同时也叫南北战争。
美国内战爆发的根本原因，在于“两种社会制度即奴隶制度与自由劳动制度之间的 斗争”。美国独立后，南方和北方沿着两条不同的道路发展。在北方，资本主义经济发 展迅速，从19世纪20年代起，北部和中部各州开始了工业革命，到50年代完成。1860年， 北方工业生产居世界第四位，总产值达18．8亿美元。而在南方，则实行的是种植园黑 人奴隶制度，南方186...

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关于“CIVIL WAR”同时也叫南北战争。
美国内战爆发的根本原因，在于“两种社会制度即奴隶制度与自由劳动制度之间的 斗争”。美国独立后，南方和北方沿着两条不同的道路发展。在北方，资本主义经济发 展迅速，从19世纪20年代起，北部和中部各州开始了工业革命，到50年代完成。1860年， 北方工业生产居世界第四位，总产值达18．8亿美元。而在南方，则实行的是种植园黑 人奴隶制度，南方1860年已有黑人奴隶400万人。南方奴隶制度是生长在美国社会的赘 瘤，它严重窒息了北方工商业的发展，南北矛盾和斗争自19世纪起日趋激烈。斗争主要 围绕西部土地展开。北方要求在西部地区发展资本主义，限制甚至禁止奴隶制度的扩大； 南方则力图在西部甚至全国扩展奴隶制度。双方矛盾到19世纪50年代在局部地区已酿成 武装冲突。在奴隶主的进逼面前，北方人民发起了声势浩大的“废奴运动”，南方黑奴 也不断展开暴动。在人民斗争的推动下，北方资产阶级开始主张废除奴隶制度。1854年 共和党成立，1860年，反对奴隶制的共和党人林肯当选为总统，这预示了奴隶制度的末 日。于是，南方7州退出联邦，1861年2月建立了一个新“国家”——“美利坚诸州联 盟”，定都里士满。4月12日，南方军队炮击并于14日占领了联邦军的萨姆特要塞，挑 起了内战（又称“南北战争”）。
美国南北双方力量对比悬殊。北方有23个州，人口2200万，工业生产是南方的10倍。 南方只有7个州900万人口。 南方之所以敢挑起战争，是因为南方早就从军事上做好了准备，南方军队素质高， 军火工业发达，并得到英法等国的援助。南方想通过速战速决打败北方。 美国内战大体分为两个阶段和东西两大战场。1861年4月至1862年9月是“有限战争” 阶段。双方都集中兵力于东战场为争夺对方首都而展开激战。南方军队统帅是杰出军事 家罗伯特·李，他根据双方力量悬殊的状况，制定了以攻为守的战略，集中兵力寻歼北 军主力，迫使北方签订城下之盟。
而北方对战争准备不足，又采取了所谓的“大蛇计划”，把兵力分散在8000英里长 的战线上，加上同情奴隶主的指挥官麦克莱兰采取消极战术，使北军连连受挫。 1861年，双方在东战场举行了第一次马那萨斯会战。7月21日，北方发起向南方首 都里士满进军的攻势，3．5万北方军队排着整齐队形，在军乐声中向里士满进军。由于 北方事先大张声势，认为南军不堪一击，加上这一天是星期六，于是许多华盛顿市民、 国会议员、记者等身着盛装，携妻带子，提着装有野餐的篮子，有的坐马车，有的随军 队步行，像过节一样，前来战地观光，看热闹。南方军队2．2万在铁路枢纽马那萨斯列 阵相迎。北方军队在观众的欢呼声中向南军发起攻击，猛烈的炮火把南军阵地笼罩在烟 雾中。北军继而跨过布尔河向对岸发起冲击。谁想南军指挥官是名将托马斯·杰克逊， 他沉着指挥，击退了北军5次冲锋，因此获得“石墙”的美称。战斗十分激烈，由于双 方军服几乎相同，一时敌我难辨，战场一片混乱。不久，南军9000援军赶到，发起反攻。
缺乏训练的北军一触即溃，丢下大批枪支弹药逃回华盛顿。这一仗，北军损兵折将3000， 南军损失不到2000。 进入1862年，战况更为激烈。林肯2月22日下令50万大军发起总攻击。北军在西线 节节胜利，几乎打通了南北大动脉密西西比河。海军也攻克了南方最大港口新奥尔良。 但在东战场，北军又连遭惨败。北军司令麦克莱兰拥有重兵10万，却几个月按兵不动， 因为他把敌人的5万人马当成了15万。后在林肯催促下，才发动“半岛战役”，企图攻 占里士满。
罗伯特·李急率南军迎击。6月25日至7月1日，李的9万军队同北军10万人展开“七 日会战”，李以机动寻找战机，调动北军，然后寻找北军薄弱环节发起进攻，把北军逐 出了里士满附近的半岛，使北军损失1．65万人，南军也损失2万人，但在战略上却取得 了保卫首都的胜利。李乘胜北上，8月底，与北军进行第二次马那萨斯会战。南军有5． 4万人，北军8万人。李高超的指挥艺术发挥得淋漓尽致。他以小部队把北军主力吸引到 阵地上，主力机动，从侧翼和后方发起进攻，然后正面、侧面夹击，一举击溃了北军。
北军伤亡1．4万，被俘7000人。南军兵临华盛顿城下。北军9月在安提塔姆会战中才顶 住了李军攻势。在海战方面，虽然北方海军占压倒优势，但南方的装甲战舰也给北方带 来很大麻烦。
这一阶段南方占了明显优势。北方失利原因除了南方军队素质高和李的杰出指挥外， 更主要是因为北方资产阶级害怕发生革命，不敢明确宣布废除奴隶制度，解放黑人，而 幻想通过妥协来重新实现南北统一。
林肯不愧是伟大的政治家，他看出要想取得战争的胜利，就必须下决心解决黑人和 奴隶制这一核心问题。于是他接受了人民的意见，顺应历史潮流，于1862年9月22日， 毅然发表了《解放宣言》，宣布从1863年1月1日起美国400万黑人奴隶获得解放。这一 伟大历史文件敲响了南方奴隶制的丧钟。同时，林肯还实行了一系列革命政策，如：颁 布《宅地法》，把西部土地分给人民；武装黑人；实行征兵制；改组军事指挥机构，撤 换了同情奴隶主、作战消极的麦克莱兰，任命格兰特为总司令，向富人征累进所得税， 镇压“铜头蛇”反革命分子，等等。这些措施极大地调动了北方广大人民的积极性，有 近百万人踊跃参军，其中有23万黑人士兵。战争从1862年9月进入了“革命战争阶段”。
北军司令格兰特和名将谢尔曼共同制定了“总体战略”，即不但消灭敌人军队，还 要摧毁敌人的经济基础和敌方居民的战斗意志。正如谢尔曼说的：要使敌人今后几代也 不敢发动战争，“我们一定要清除和摧毁一切障碍，如有必要，就杀死每一个人，夺走 每一寸土地，没收每一件财物。一句话，破坏我们认为应该破坏的一切东西……”北方 军队采取了主动进攻的战术，从1863年起，双方进行了三次大战：
一是昌西洛维尔战役。1863年4—5月，北军波托马克军团13万人同李指挥的南军6 万人在昌西洛维尔激战。李克服了兵力上的劣势，机动灵活地与北军周旋，以少量兵力 正面牵制北军主力，亲率主力迂回包抄北军，从侧翼和背后袭击北军，一举将北军击溃， 北军损失了1．7万人，南军损失1．2万人。但南军骁将“石墙”杰克逊被击毙。这是南 方取得的最后一次战役的胜利。
二是葛底斯堡战役。1863年6月，李军8万攻入宾夕法尼亚州，北方再次告急。林肯 急召波托马克军团11万人迎击。
这次李低估了对手，以为又和以前一样指挥拙劣，自己能轻易取胜，因此没采用惯 用的牵制行动。未料北军已任命悍将米德任军团司令。米德率军在交通枢纽葛底斯堡堵 住李军。7月1日，李军向北军防守的高地发起猛攻。第一天便突破北军防线，北军死伤 惨重，仅被俘就达5000多人。李得意起来，令部队停下来休息，等待后续部队上来，从 而给北军以喘息之机。7月2日下午，南军以300门大炮猛攻，北军奋勇抗击，顶住了南 军的攻击。第三天，南军孤注一掷，发起总攻。几个师长旅长亲自挥刀上阵冲锋。北军 炮兵以猛烈火力吞噬了一群群南军士兵。但南军不顾惨重伤亡终于冲上北军主阵地公墓 岭顶峰，双方展开白刃战。这时北军全线反攻，终将南军全歼。只见北军阵地上到处堆 积双方士兵的尸体，南军2个旅长和15个团长全都阵亡，死伤2．8万。北军伤亡也达2． 3万。李率军后撤。这次大战是内战中最激烈的一次，战场上有棵树竟身中250弹。这一 仗扭转了东线战局，从此北方完全掌握了主动权。
三是维克斯堡战役。维克斯堡是控制密西西比河和西部铁路网的战略要地，南军在 此严密设防，号称“南方的直布罗陀”。北军几次进攻都失利了。从1863年2月开始， 格兰特率3个军团7万多人围攻此堡。因敌工事坚固，几次进攻受挫。格兰特便采取围困 战术，切断了敌军所有的供应线。经过几个月围困，堡内敌军弹尽粮绝，连猫、老鼠都 被吃光了。
北军又连续47天炮轰，迫使南军7月4日举白旗投降。北军共俘敌3．7万，内有15名 将军，缴获大炮172门。至此，北方控制了密西西比河，将南方领土一切两半。
三次大战后，南军气数已尽，北军士气越来越高，不断发起强大攻势。1863年11月， 又取得查塔努加战役胜利，击溃南军4．6万，向南方后方进攻的大门敞开了。
1864年，北军向南方发起三路攻势。在东战场，格兰特采用消耗战略，经荒野战役、 冷港会战，使李军团主力消耗殆尽，损失3．2万，再无力进攻了。在西线，谢尔曼长途 奔袭敌后方。他指挥10万大军插入南方腹地，9月攻占南方最大工业城市亚特兰大。从 11月15日起，又挑选6．2万精兵，发起“向海洋进军”，一个多月大军长驱300多英里， 所到之处，实行“三光”政策，烧毁种植园、城镇和村庄，摧毁工厂企业，连铁轨都拆 下来弄弯。南方到处火光冲天，一片废墟。12月21日大军攻占了萨凡纳，完成了摧毁南 方后方的任务。与此同时，北方海军也对南方实行“窒息式封锁”，完全切断了南方对 外联系。
1865年，南方已山穷水尽，濒临崩溃的边缘。北军从陆海两个方向发起最后攻势， 北军攻克重镇彼得斯堡和南方首都里士满，李军还剩不到3万残兵败将，4月9日被迫向 格兰特投降。不久，南方残军17万全部放下武器。在北方取得胜利的时刻，南方奴隶主 分子暗杀了林肯总统。但这一垂死挣扎挽救不了南方失败的厄运。 美国内战以北方胜利、南方奴隶制度的灭亡而告终。北方胜利的原因，是由于林肯 能顺应历史潮流，采取解放黑人等一系列革命措施，调动了北方广大人民和黑人的积极 性，同时国际正义力量的大力支援，南北方经济力量的悬殊也是北方胜利的重要因素。
这场战争具有现代总体战争的许多特点：双方均实行征兵制，共动员了400万人参 战；双方均动员全部人力物力投入战争；战争目标不仅要消灭对方，而且要摧毁对方的 社会经济制度，彻底征服对方；双方共死亡62万人，其中北方36万，南方26万，伤者百 万以上，耗资250亿美元。损失之大，消耗之严重，均为近代战争之首。此外，战争中 广泛使用了最新的科技成果，如无线电报、装甲列车、卡宾枪、开花炮弹、照相侦察、 高空气球、装甲舰、水雷、潜水艇、扫雷装置，等等。这些使战争面貌大为改观，后勤 供应也更为复杂。 因此这场战争在军事史上占有显著地位，被称为“第一次现代战争”。
美国内战是美国历史上的第二次革命，内战为美国资本主义的高速发展开辟了道路， 正如列宁所指出，它具有“极伟大的、世界历史性的、进步的和革命的意义”。

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哪个国家的civil war 啊？