定语从句的用法,

定语从句的用法,
定语从句的用法,

定语从句的用法,
定语从句
定语从句是用来修饰,描述或提供有关名词,代词或整个主句信息的从句.它在整个句子中起形容词的作用.被修饰的名词,语法上称作先行词.从句由关系代词或关系副词引导.关系代词和关系副词不仅起引导定语从句,连接先行词的作用,同时还充当定语从句中的一个成分,如:主语,宾语,介词宾语,表语,定语或状语等.定语从句由下列关系代词和关系副词引导:
(1) who, whom, that
(2) which, that
(3) whose
(4) when Where why
1. 修饰,指代人物
关系代词who, that 引导的从句修饰,指代人物,在从句中作主语.
(1) 关系代词作主语
(1) I thank the woman.
She helped me.
a. I thank the woman who helped me.
b. I thank the woman that helped me.
(2) 关系代词作宾语
关系代词whom, who, that 在从句中作动词宾语时,修饰,指代人物.Whom 是宾格形式, 常用于较正式的英语中.who和that 常用于口语和非正式的英语中.在口语和非正式英语中更多的情况下,作动词宾语的关系代词常被省略.
(2)The man told me to come back.
I saw him in the office.
a. The man whom I saw in the office told me to come back.
b. The man who I saw in the office told me to come back.
c. The man that I saw in the office told me to come back.
d. The man I saw in the office told me to come back.
我在办公室见到的那为男士叫我回去.
注意:1. 引导从句的关系代词一定要放在从句的最前面,例如: 从句whom I saw in the office,虽
然关系代词whom 在句子中作动词的宾语,也应放在从句的最前面.
2. 从句应尽可能地紧跟在所修饰的名词后面.从句whom I saw in the office是用来修饰the man,
所以应放在the man 后面.
(3) 关系代词作介词宾语
当关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语时,正式英语中,往往将介词提到关系代词前面.
(3) The woman spoke French.
I traveled with her.
a. The woman with whom I travelled spoke French.
和我一起旅行的那位女士讲法语.
注意:在这类句子中修饰,指代人物时,只能用whom .关系代词不可以用who 或that. 也不可以省略
关系代词.
在口语和非正式英语中,介词往往放在原来的位置,即:在谓语动词之后.在这种情况下,关系代
词可以是who/ whom/that, 也可以省略.
b. The woman whom I travelled with spoke English.
c. The woman who I travelled with spoke English.
d. The woman that I travelled with spoke English.
e. The woman I travelled with spoke English.
2. 修饰,指代事物
关系代词that, which引导的从句用来修饰,指代事物,它们在从句中可以作句子的主语也可以作宾
语.
(1) 关系代词作主语
例句: Did you hear about the earthquake
It happened in San Francisco last week.
a. Did you hear about the earthquake that happened in San Francisco last week
b. Did you hear about the earthquake which happened in San Francisco last week
你听说上星期在旧金山发生的地震了吗
关系代词that / which引导的定语从句修饰名词earthquake.在从句that / which happened in San
Francisco last week 中作句子的主语.""
注意:当关系代词在从句中作主语时不能省略.a. b. 两例句意思一样. Which 要比that正式一些.
(2) 关系代词作宾语
例句: The movie wasn't very good.
We saw it last night.
a. The movie that we saw last night wasn't very good.
b. The movie which we saw last night wasn't very good.
c. The movie we saw last night wasn't very good.
我们昨晚看的那部电影不怎么样.
关系代词that / which 引导的从句修饰名词The movie.在从句that we saw last night中,that/ which 作动词saw的宾语.关系代词作动词宾语的时候可以省略.
(3) 关系代词作介词宾语
在从句中,如果关系代词是作介词的宾语,正式英语中需要前置,即,将介词置于关系代词之前.
例句: He is standing on a chair.
Is it firm enough
a. Is the chair on which he is standing firm enough
他站的那把椅子结实吗
on which he is standing 是which引导的从句,修饰the chair.Which在从句中作介词on的宾语.在英语口语和非正式的英语中,介词可以放在动词的后面.关系代词可以用which, that, 也可以省略.
b. Is the chair which he is standing on firm enough
c. Is the chair that he is standing on firm enough
d. Is the chair he is standing on firm enough
在例句b. c. d. ,从句that he is standing on中的介词后置,关系代词作介词on的宾语,可以用that/which, 也可以省略.
(4) 应该使用that的情况
有些情况下,that不能与which交换使用.
当从句修饰不定代词,如all, everything, something, little, much, none,the only, those 等时,必须用that 来引导从句.在从句中that作动词的直接宾语时,可以省略.
例: Listen, there is something (that) I must tell you.
听着,有些事情我必须告诉你.
b. 如果先行词被上述不定代词所修饰时,引导从句的关系代词也应用that.
例: All the apples (that) we picked were sent to the factory.
所有的我们摘的苹果都送到工厂去了.
c. 如果先行词被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰,从句应用that 引导.
例: This is the best novel (that) I know.
这是我所知道的最好的一部小说.
d. 如果先行词被序数词所修饰,从句应用that 引导.
例: The first English film that interested me was Gone with the Wind.
第一部使我感兴趣的英文电影是"飘".
3. 表示所有格关系
whose 用来表示所属关系,它的意思相当于:his, her, its, their等等.Whose 可以用来修饰人,也可以修饰物.whose和它所修饰的名词都置于句首.
(1) 修饰人物
The man called the police.
His wallet was stolen.
a. The man whose wallet was stolen called the police.
钱包被窃的那个男人给警察打了电话.
Whose引导的从句whose wallet was stolen,修饰the man. Whose 在从句中起定语作用,修饰wallet, 意思是his.
(2) 修饰事物
(2) I'm working in the house.
Its walls are made of glass. ( The walls of the house are made of glass.)
a. I'm working in the house whose walls are made of glass.
我在那座四面墙都是玻璃的房子里工作.
whose walls = the walls of the house
whose = of which
4. 修饰表示时间的名词
When 引导的从句往往是用来修饰一个表示时间的名词,如:time, year, month, day, century 等等.When 在从句中起时间状语的作用.
(1)I'll never forget the day.
I met you then (on that day).
a. I'll never forget the day when I met you.
b. I'll never forget the day on which I met you.
我永远也忘不了见到你的那一天.
例句a. 中when引导的从句修饰the day. When在从句中起时间状语的作用,意思是on the day. 因此,when可以用on which替代.
(2)1949 is the year.
The new China was founded then (in that year).
a. 1949 is the year when the new China was founded.
b. 1949 is the year in which the new China was founded.
When引导的从句修饰表示时间的名词the year. 1949年是新中国成立的那一年.When在从句中作时间状语,意思是in that year. 在此句中,when 可以用in which 来替换.看例句b. 在句中,which 指代的是the year.
(3) 7:50 is the time.
My plane arrives then (at that time).
a. 7:50 is the time when my plane arrives.
b. 7:50 is the time at which my plane arrives.
7:50 是我乘坐的飞机到达的时间.
When引导的从句修饰名词the time, when在从句中作时间状语.意思是at that time.在这句话中,
when可以用at which替代.
5. 修饰表示地点的名词
Where引导的从句用来修饰表示地点的名词,例如:city, country, room, house等等.Where 在从句中起地点状语的作用.
(1) The building is very old.
He lives there (in that building).
a. The building where he lives is very old.
b. The building in which he lives is very old.
c. The building which he lives in is very old.
d. The building that he lives in is very old.
e. The building he lives in is very old.
他住的那座楼很旧.
a. Where引导的从句修饰名词building. Where在从句中作地点状语,意思是in that building.
b. 介词前置.
c. d. e. 介词在原来的位置上. 如果用where引导从句修饰名词,从句中就不必使用介词.否则就必须
使用介词.
(2)That is the park.
We are going to have a picnic there (at that park).
a. That is the park where we are going to have a picnic.
b. That is the park at which we are going to have a picnic.
c. That is the park which we are going to have a picnic at.
d. That is the park that we are going to have a picnic at.
e. That is the park we are going to have a picnic at.
那就是我们将去吃野餐的公园.(我们将在那个公园吃野餐).
Where 的意思是at the park, 可以用at which替换.
6. 非限定性从句
限定性定语从句起限制,确定先行词的作用,用来说明先行词的特征与属性.如果省略,就会影响句子的意思.
非限定性定语从句则是起补充信息的作用,如果省略,并不会影响句子的意思.非限定性定语从句与主句用逗号分开.非限定性定语从句常用于书面语.
A. My friend who had been driving all day suggested stopping at the next town.
我那位开了一整天车的朋友建议到下一个镇子停下.
这是一句限定性定语从句.这句话的含义是说还有其他不开车的朋友
B. Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town.
彼特开了一整天车,他建议到下一个镇子停下.
这是一句非限定性定语从句的句子,它只起补充信息的作用.如果,将从句who had been driving all day略掉,也不会影响句子的原意.
(2)The books , which you can get at any bookshop, will give you all the information you need.
这些书将为你提供所需要的所有信息,你可以在任何一家书店买到.
(3)Ann, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job.
安的孩子们整天都在学校,(所以)她试图找一份工作做.
注意: 在非限定性定语从句中,只有wh-的代词可以使用.无论指人或指物都不能使用that.