初中英语语法,以及动词用法,要全的及物动词以及不及物动词全部用法,和语法要点

初中英语语法,以及动词用法,要全的及物动词以及不及物动词全部用法,和语法要点
初中英语语法,以及动词用法,要全的
及物动词以及不及物动词全部用法,和语法要点

初中英语语法,以及动词用法,要全的及物动词以及不及物动词全部用法,和语法要点
A）、名词的数
我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词,而不可数名词它没有复数形式,但可数名词却有单数和复数之分,复数的构成如下：
一）在后面加s.如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas
二）x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es.如：boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes
三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如：baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories
2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s.如：day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways
四）以o结尾加s（外来词）.如：radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es：如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯
五）以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s).如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves
六）单复数相同（不变的）有：fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese
七）一般只有复数,没有单数的有：people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks
八）单词形式不变,既可以是单数也可以是复数的有：police警察局,警察, class班,同学, family家,家庭成员
九）合成的复数一般只加主要名词,多数为后一个单词.如：action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数.如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers
十）有的单复数意思不同.如：fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸,卷子,论文, work工作 works作品,工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯,眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡
十一） 单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或’s.如：Is (I’s), Ks (K’s).但如是缩略词则只加s.如：IDs, VCDs, SARs
十二） 特殊形式的有：child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen
B）名词的格
当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时,我们就要使用所有格形式.构成如下：
一）单数在后面加’s.如：brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s
二）复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’,如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理.如：Teachers’ Day教师节, classmates’; Children’s Day六一节, Women’s Day三八节
三）由and并列的名词所有时,如果是共同所有同一人或物时,只加最后一个’s,但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理.如：Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间（共住一间）,Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间（各自的房间）
2、代词
项目 人称代词 物主代词 指示代词 反身代词
人称 主格 宾格 形容词 名词性
第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself
复数 we us our ours ourselves
第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself
复数 you you your yours yourselves
第三人称 单数 she her her hers herself
he him his his himself
it it its its this that itself
复数 they them their theirs these those themselves
3、动词
A） 第三人称单数
当动词是第三人称单数时,动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s,如下：
一）一般在词后加s.如：comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains
二）在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es.如：watches, washes, wishes, finishes
三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es.如：study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries
2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s.如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys
四）以o结尾加es.如：does, goes
五）特殊的有：are-is, have-has
B） 现在分词
当我们说某人正在做什么事时,动词要使用分词形式,不能用原形,构成如下：
一）一般在后加ing.如：spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing
二）以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing.如：dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having
三）以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母＋一个辅音字母（注意除开字母组合如show –showing, draw-drawing）要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing.如：put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning
四）以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing.如：tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于
4、形容词的级
我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时,则要使用比较或最高级形式.构成如下：
一） 一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st).如：greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest
二）以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母＋1个辅音字母(字母组合除外,如few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est.如：big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest
三） 以辅音字母＋y结尾的变y为i加er/est.如：happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest
四）特殊情况：(两好多坏,一少老远)
good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill – worse worst
little- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest
5、数词 (基变序,有规则；一、二、三,自己背；五、八、九、十二；其它后接th；y结尾,变为i, eth跟上去.) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth
二、句式
1.陈述句
肯定陈述句 a) This is a book. (be动词)
b) He looks very young. (连系动词)
c) I want a sweat like this. (实义动词)
d) I can bring some things to school. (情态动词)
e) There’s a computer on my desk. (There be结构)
否定陈述句 a) These aren’t their books. b) They don’t look nice.
c) Kate doesn’t go to No. 4 Middle School. d) Kate can’t find her doll.
e) There isn’t a cat here. (=There’s no cat here.)
2. 祈使句
肯定祈使句 a) Please go and ask the man. b) Let’s learn English!
c) Come in, please.
否定祈使句a) Don’t be late. b) Don’t hurry.
3. 疑问句
1) 一般疑问句 a) Is Jim a student? b) Can I help you? c) Does she like salad?
d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading?
肯定回答: a) Yes, he is. b) Yes, you can. c) Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, she is.
否定回答: a) No, he isn’t. b) No, you can’t. c) No, she doesn’t. d) No, they don’t. e) No, she isn’t.
2) 选择疑问句 Is the table big or small? 回答 It’s big./ It’s small.
3) 特殊疑问句
① 问年龄 How old is Lucy? She is twelve.
② 问种类 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.
③ 问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.
④ 问方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.
How do we contact you? My e-mail address is cindyjones@163.com.
⑤ 问原因 Why do you want to join the club?
⑥ 问时间 What’s the time? (=What time is it?) It’s a quarter to ten a.m..
What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o’clock.
When do you want to go? Let’s go at 7:00.
⑦ 问地方 Where’s my backpack? It’s under the table.
⑧ 问颜色 What color are they? They are light blue.
What’s your favourite color? It’s black.
⑨ 问人物 Who’s that? It’s my sister.
Who is the boy in blue? My brother.
Who isn’t at school? Peter and Emma.
Who are Lisa and Tim talking to?
⑩ 问东西 What’s this/that (in English)? It’s a pencil case.
What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.
11问姓名 What’s your aunt’s name? Her name is Helen./She’s Helen.
What’s your first name? My first name’s Ben.
What’s your family name? My family name’s Smith.
12 问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box.
13 问字母 What letter is it? It’s big D/small f.
14 问价格 How much are these pants? They’re 15 dollars.
15 问电话号码 What’s your phone number? It’s 576-8349.
16 问谓语(动作) What’s he doing? He’s watching TV.
17 问职业(身份) What do you do? I’m a teacher.
What’s your father? He’s a doctor.
三、时态
1、一般现在时 表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时,它有：
Be 动词：She’s a worker. Is she a worker? She isn’t a worker.
情态动词：I can play the piano. Can you play the piano? I can’t play the piano.
行为动词：They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don’t want to eat any tomatoes.
Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesn’t have a watch.
2、现在进行时 表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态,结构为sb be v-ing sth + 其它.
I’m playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? I’m not playing baseball.
Nancy is writing a letter. Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isn’t writing a leter.They’re listening to the pop music. Are they listening the pop music? They aren’t listening to the pop music.

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语法项目
构成
用法
象征词
规则变化
不规则变化
...

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语法项目
构成
用法
象征词
规则变化
不规则变化
例句

一般现在时

动词用原形
三人称单数-s / es
表示经常性的
动作或状态
Every often always on 天 in月、季、节、年。
一般-s –es 辅音＋y---ies
have----has

He goes to school every day.
I often have lunch at home.

一般过去时

动词用过去时
Be—was/ were
表过去某个、段时间内动作及状态
ago/just now /In1998 last/yesterday 等
一般/去e 双写/辅＋y结尾－ied
go-went come-came
do-did leave-left等
He wrote a letter yesterday.
I studied hard last year.

一般将来时

be going to＋V原
will / shall + V原
在将来某个时间或
某段时要做的事
tomorrow / after
next / tonight in 2010


Go come leave stay
fly等用进行表将来
Are you going to read ?
He is coming tomorrow .

现在进行时

be＋doing

表此时此刻正进行的动作或状态
listen look now
all the time Don’t…
一般去e 双写
+ing
tie die lie –
变ie为y加ing
Tom is writing now .
They are lying on the bed .

现在完成时
现在完成进行
have / has +PP
have/has been+doing
发生在过去影响在现在的动作或状态等
含糊的频率副词 already just never ever
分词规则的同过去式是一样的
不规则的动词的过去分词需逐个记忆
I have been teaching for 8 years.
He has slept for two days.

.过去进行时
was / were +doing
多用于复合句中
表在过去某时间正在进行的动作
at this time yesterday
last Sunday evening
一般去e 双写
+ing
tie die lie –
变ie为y加ing
He was reading at that time
last Friday

过去完成时

had+动过去分词
多用于复合句中
该动作发生在过去的过去
by the time＋过去时
when after before
规则的分词构成与过去时一样的
需要逐个记忆
详见不规则动词表
We had learnt 2000 words
by the end of last year.

过去将来时

would + V 原形
多用宾语从句中
过去看来将要发生的动作或状态
He said that he… the next day .




He said that he would come here the next day .

比较级形式
形容副词名词
后--er 前加more
名词比较用more
表示两个人、物
之间进行比较时
than /much/ a little
far / in the two 等
一般/去e 双写/辅＋y结尾－ier
good/well —better
much/many—more
She is the tall in the two.
He runs faster than Tom .

最高级形式
形容副词名词
后-est 前加most
名词比较用most
大于等于三个人、物之间进行比较
in the ＋比较范围
of the 具体的数字
一般/去e 双写/辅＋y结尾－iest
bad/ill/badly-worst
far-farther-farthest
She is the most beautiful
in her class.(最高级加the)

动词不定式
to do没有人称和数的变化
作主语
To read is helpful for anybody now .
作宾语
He wants to buy a dictionary.
作宾补
I hear him sing yesterday
Tom told me to open it.
作表语
His job is to take care of children .
作状语
He’ll go to see a doctor tomorrow .
作定语
He has much homework
to do every day .


主从复合句
状语从句
句子作状语 （时间地点原因条件让步比较）
He was writing a letter when I came in。
宾语从句
句子作宾语（语序、时态、引导词、客观事实）
He asked me if I had been to Beijing before.
定语从句
句子作定语（修饰名词或代词的句子、注意先行词）
I saw the man who was stealing my bike yesterday


主动结构
与
被动结构

主动语态：主语（人、物）+ 谓语 + 宾语
动作执行者 + 及物动词 + 动作承受者
被动语态：主语（人、物）+be PP + by宾语
动作承受者 + be PP + by动作执行者
在被动语态中没有可以省to 的不定式
We speak English .
主语 谓语 宾语
English is spoken by us

宾改主 谓语动词 be PP 主by 宾
主动变被动，先找主、谓、宾，宾改主、主by宾，代词变格要细心，谓语动词be pp,时态随主、数随被
PP 是及物动词的过去分词加ed 或不规则详见表
被动句的时态（be）随主动句的时态（do）人称和数应随被动句的主语(am、is、are、was、were等 )

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