Egypt和Rome的简介.(英文)英文!

Egypt和Rome的简介.(英文)英文!
Egypt和Rome的简介.(英文)
英文!

Egypt和Rome的简介.(英文)英文!
Egypt
Country,Middle East,northeastern Africa.Area:385,229 sq mi (997,739 sq km).Population (2005 est.):70,457,000.Capital:Cairo.The people are largely Egyptian Arabs.Language:Arabic (official).Religions:Islam (official; predominantly Sunni); also Christianity.Currency:Egyptian pound.Egypt occupies a crossroads between Africa,Europe,and Asia.The majority of its land is in the arid western and eastern deserts,separated by the country's dominant feature,the Nile River.The Nile forms a flat-bottomed valley,generally 5 – 10 mi (8 – 16 km) wide,that fans out into the densely populated delta lowlands north of Cairo.The Nile valley (in Upper Egypt) and delta (Lower Egypt),along with scattered oases,support all of Egypt's agriculture and have virtually all of its population.Egypt has a developing,mainly socialist,partly free-enterprise economy based primarily on industry,including petroleum production,and agriculture.It is a republic with one legislative house; its chief of state is the president,and the head of government is the prime minister.It is one of the world's oldest continuous civilizations.Upper and Lower Egypt were united c.3000 BC,beginning a period of cultural achievement and a line of native rulers that lasted nearly 3,000 years.Egypt's ancient history is divided into the Old,Middle,and New Kingdoms,spanning 31 dynasties and lasting to 332 BC.The pyramids date from the Old Kingdom,the cult of Osiris and the refinement of sculpture from the Middle Kingdom,and the era of empire and the Exodus of the Jews from the New Kingdom.An Assyrian invasion occurred in the 671 BC,and the Persian Achaemenids established a dynasty in 525 BC.The invasion by Alexander the Great in 332 BC inaugurated the Macedonian Ptolemaic period and the ascendancy of Alexandria as a centre of learning and Hellenistic culture.The Romans held Egypt from 30 BC to AD 395; later it was part of the Byzantine Empire.After the Roman emperor Constantine granted tolerance to the Christians in 313,a formal Egyptian (Coptic) church emerged.Egypt came under Arab control in 642 and ultimately was transformed into an Arabic-speaking state,with Islam as the dominant religion.Held by the Umayyad and 'Abbasid dynasties,in 969 it became the centre of the Fatimid dynasty.In 1250 the Mamluk dynasty established a state that lasted until 1517,when Egypt fell to the Ottoman Empire.An economic and cultural decline ensued.Egypt became a British protectorate in 1914 and received nominal independence in 1922,when a constitutional monarchy was established.A group of army officers led by Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrew the monarchy in 1952.A union with Syria to form the United Arab Republic (1958 – 61) failed.Following three wars with Israel (see Arab-Israeli wars),Egypt,under Nasser's successor,Anwar el-Sadat,made peace with the Jewish state,thus alienating many fellow Arab countries.Sadat was assassinated by Islamic extremists in 1981 and was succeeded by Hosni Mubarak,who continued to negotiate peace.Although Egypt took part in the coalition against Iraq during the First Persian Gulf War (1991),it later began peace overtures with countries in the region.
Rome
City (pop.,2001 prelim:2,459,776),capital of Italy.It is situated on the Tiber River in the central part of the country.The historical site of Rome on its seven hills was occupied as early as the Bronze Age (c.1500 BC),and the city was politically unified by the early 6th century BC.It became the capital of the Roman Empire (see Roman Republic and Empire).The Romans gradually conquered the Italian peninsula (see Etruscan),extended their dominion over the entire Mediterranean basin (see Punic Wars),and expanded their empire into continental Europe.Under Pompey the Great and Julius Caesar,Rome's influence was extended over Syria,Jerusalem,Cyprus,and Gaul.After the Battle of Actium,all Roman lands were controlled by Octavian (Augustus),the first Roman emperor.As the imperial capital,Rome became the site of magnificent public buildings,including palaces,temples,public baths,theatres,and stadiums.It reached the peak of its grandeur and ancient population during the late 1st and early 2nd centuries AD.It remained the capital of the Roman Empire until Emperor Constantine the Great dedicated Constantinople (now Istanbul) in 330.By the end of the 6th century the protection of the city was in the hands of the Roman Catholic church (see Holy Roman Empire),which achieved absolute rule only in the 15th century.The city flourished during the Renaissance and was the seat of the papacy and the Papal States.In 1870 it became the capital of a united Italy.It was transformed into a modern capital in the 1920s and '30s and is Italy's administrative,cultural,and transportation centre.See also Vatican City.