用英文介绍一个著名人物,要有中文.

用英文介绍一个著名人物,要有中文.
用英文介绍一个著名人物,要有中文.

用英文介绍一个著名人物,要有中文.
Many traditional Chinese historians, compelled by custom to either praise or condemn historical personages, have found themselves unable to exercise the option in the presence of a man of such giant proportions as the First Emperor of the Qin. How could his grotesque atrocities be condoned? Yet how could his contribution to the nation's unity, conceived with such majestic vision and carried out with so much skill and courage, be passed over without a word of appreciation, if not admiration? A thoughtful reader may be troubled by the savage acts committed by the emperor and his followers, and yet, at another passage, be touched by the many personal risks the First Emperor took and the dauntless determination with which he sought to fulfill a purpose that was above and beyond the scope of an ordinary man's vision.
The accounts in the recorded history portray the First Emperor as vain and, at times, even whimsical. Given the general level of understanding in his time, the accounts of his superstitious tendencies may well be true. Nevertheless, once he is said to have dispatched 3,000 prisoners to deforest a mountain after he was told that the goddess in control of the area had been responsible for the strong wind that had impeded his river crossing. At least on this occasion he was more defiant than fearful of supernatural power. His adaptation of black as the imperial color was epochal in his day. The inscriptions on the stone tablets he erected indicate that next to his concern for the eternal peace of the realm, he greatly valued sexual morality, which he regarded as essential to the well-being of the populace. He had more than twenty sons and at least ten daughters; but except for his promiscuous mother, the chronicles remain absolutely silent about the women in his life. The First Emperor traveled extensively, visiting not only the urban centers but also the great mountains and rivers, the lakes and the high seas. He toured the capital city incognito at night. Although proud of his military exploits, Qin Shi Huang is not known to have ever commanded troops personally. On the other hand, he was a tireless worker. He set quotas for the amount of documents, by weight, that he must dispose of daily, not resting until his work was done. On issues of state affairs he always consulted his advisers first; but the final decisions were always his own. Perhaps the most remarkable thing about Qin Shi Huang is that for twelve years his iron-fisted rule never caused a major incident, this over an immense country that had been ravaged by war for decades, and indeed for centuries.
He left a position that no one could fill. Immediately after his death, palace conspiracies and machinations set the emperor's chief advisers, chamberlains, and sons to plotting against one another. Within a year popular uprisings erupted in the commanderies, and in another three years the Qin fell and all the close relatives of Qin Shi huang and all the key personnel on his staff perished.
传统的中国历史家一向在褒贬品评人物.在临到秦始皇头上时则觉得题材之大,牵涉之多,不容易随便处置.他的残酷无道达到离奇之境界,如何可以不受谴责?可是他统一中国的工作,用这样长远的眼光设计．又用这样精到的手腕完成,又何能不加仰慕?一个思想周密的读者可能因秦始皇和他的随从的野蛮行径而感到困恼,可是在另一段文字里,又为他不断地努力企图实现他超过匹夫匹妇所敢于想像的计谋,甚至冒着无限的危险,不折不挠地执行而感动.
历史记载中的始皇,显示他虚荣心重,有时尚且行止古怪.在当日一般情形之下,所述迷信的趋向很可能是事实.史书中提及他有一次因风受阻而不能渡湘水,归罪湘君女神作祟,于是遣发3000囚徒,去砍伐山上的树木以资报复,可见得他在和超自然的力量作对,而不是震惑于超自然的力量.他以黑色代表帝国之色彩也是超时代的独创.从他所树碑文看来,他除了重视域内长久的和平之外,也极端注重性道德,认为与全民的休戚有关.他有20多个儿子和至少10个女儿.史籍上除了提及他多夫的母亲之外,对他一生有关的女子只字未提.始皇帝游历极为广泛,他不仅履足于市尘,而且遍历名山大川,他曾在夜间微服巡行国都之内.虽说始皇爱征伐,他却从未统帅三军.此外他是一个不畏疲劳的工作者,他预定每天必须过目的竹简,以重量作进度,不到目标不得休息.在有关国家大计的场合他总先咨询下属,可是最后的决策,始终出于他本身.可能最值得注意的是秦始皇铁腕统治全国12年的时间,从未发生重大的事变.这是一个泱泱大国,前后遭兵燹几十载,而且追溯到以往的震荡局面,尚可以包括几百年.
他遗留下的位置,没有人能接替.他刚一去世,丞相宦官和皇子以阴谋和政变彼此残害.一年之内,全国各郡里揭竿而起的叛变不知凡几.又3年后秦亡,始皇帝的亲人和重要的随从也全部丧生.
2.
Early in the 15th century, a huge fleet of ships set sail from Nanjing. It was the first of a series of voyages that would, for a brief period, establishChinaas the leading power of the age. The voyage was led by Zheng He, the most important Chinese adventurer of all time and one of the greatest sailors the world has ever known. In fact, some people think he was the original model for the legendary Sinbad the Sailor.
In 1371, Zheng He was born in what is nowYunnanProvinceto Muslim parents, who named him Ma Sanpao. When he was 11 years old, invading Ming armies captured Ma and took him toNanjing. There he was castrated and made to serve as a eunuch in the imperial household.
Ma befriended a prince there who later became the Yong Le Emperor, one of the Ming Dynasty's most distinguished. Brave, strong, intelligent and totally loyal, Ma won the trust of the prince who, after ascending the throne, gave him a new name and made him Grand Imperial Eunuch.
Yong Le was an ambitious emperor who believed thatChina's greatness would be increased with an "open-door" policy regarding international trade and diplomacy. In 1405, he ordered Chinese ships to sail to theIndian Ocean, and put Zheng He in charge of the voyage. Zheng went on to lead seven expeditions in 28 years, visiting more than 40 countries.
Zheng's fleet had more than 300 ships and 30,000 sailors. The largest vessels, 133-meter-long "treasure ships", had up to nine masts and could carry a thousand people. Along with a Han and Muslim crew, Zheng opened up trade routes in Africa,India, andSoutheast Asia.
The voyages helped expand foreign interest in Chinese goods such as silk and porcelain. In addition, Zheng He brought exotic foreign items back toChina, including the first giraffe ever seen there. At the same time, the fleet's obvious strength meant that the Emperor of China commanded respect and inspired fear all overAsia.
While Zheng He's main aim was to show the superiority of Ming China, he often got involved in the local politics of places he visited. InCeylon, for instance, he helped restore the legitimate ruler to the throne. On theislandofSumatra, now part ofIndonesia, he defeated the army of a dangerous pirate and took him toChinafor execution.
Though Zheng He died in 1433 and was probably buried at sea, a grave and small monument to him still exist inJiangsuProvince. Three years after Zheng He's death, a new emperor banned the construction of oceangoing ships, andChina's brief era of naval expansion was over. Chinese policy turned inward, leaving the seas clear for the rising nations ofEurope.



郑和下西洋──三保太监的不朽航程
15世纪初,一支浩浩荡荡的船队从南京启航.这次远航揭开了其后一连串海上航行的序幕,并在短暂时间内为中国确立了大国领先的地位.郑和统帅了这次远航,他是中国历史上最重要的探险家,也是举世闻名的最伟大的航海家之一.事实上,还有些人认为他是传说中水手辛巴达的原型.
公元1371年,郑和出生在现在的云南省的一个穆斯林家庭里.他的父母给他取名为马三保.马三保11岁时,被入侵云南的明军掳至南京,被净身后入宫,选去王府做内宫太监.
马三保在王府期间和王太子成为了好朋友,王子后来成为明成祖永乐皇帝,是明代最出色的皇帝之一.马三保英勇、强壮、足智多谋,又赤胆忠心,因此深得王太子的信赖.王太子登基之后,赐给马三保“郑和”这个新的名字,同时提升他为内宫监太监.
永乐皇帝是个雄心勃勃的皇帝,他相信通过国际贸易及外交上的“门户开放”政策,中国会在世界上享有更高的声望.公元1405年,永乐皇帝下诏让中国船队远航到印度洋,并派遣郑和负责此趟航程.在以后的28年里,郑和连续7次率领了海上远征探险的壮举,访问了40多个国家.
郑和的船队由三百艘大船及三万多名水兵组成.船队中最大的一艘船被称为“宝船”,其船身长达133米,船桅多达九根,可搭载一千人.郑和和汉人与穆斯林船员一起打开了中国在非洲、印度、及东南亚的贸易航线.
这几次远航刺激了外国对中国货物如丝绸、瓷器等的兴趣.此外,郑和也将外国的珍奇宝物带回中国,包括以前没见过的麒麟（长颈鹿）.同时,郑和船队显而易见的强大阵容,意味着中国皇帝获得了亚洲各国的敬畏.
郑和下西洋的主要目的在于宣扬大明的强盛国威,但他经常卷入出访地的政治.例如,在锡兰（即今天的斯里兰卡）,他扶持合法统治者重登王位.在苏门答腊岛（今天印尼的一部分),郑和击退一支由残暴海盗领军的队伍,并将其首领押回中国处死.
郑和于公元1433年去世,并且可能葬身于汪洋大海之中,但江苏省现在仍有他的坟墓和一座小型纪念碑.郑和死后3年,新登基的皇帝下诏禁止远洋船舶的建造,中国这短暂的海军扩张时代也就到此结束了.中国的政策转而向内,把大海完全拱手让给欧洲新兴的国家.