英语翻译perceived在这里不明白啥意思

英语翻译perceived在这里不明白啥意思 perceived perceived perceived perceived perceived perceived 英语翻译重点是我不明白DYING在这里的用法，请赐教。不明白为什么用ING的形式出现。 英语翻译Is this perceived need to protect yourself from prosecution just another anal-retentive legal formality?这里的anal-retentive什么意思?整句话怎么翻译? 英语翻译Moreover,blame motivation fully mediated the effect of perceived intentionality on magnitude of perceived harm 英语翻译在一篇研究国家形象的论文中看到,如何翻译该句：deems appropriate in the light of its perceived attributes主语是individual.The individual deems appropriate in the light of its perceived attributes. 英语翻译课文在这里 英语翻译文章在这里 英语翻译图片在这里 英语翻译在这里catching 英语翻译在这里 请英语大神看一下这个词的同义词~Consumers’ perceived privacy riskis mediated by perceived security.请问这里的mediated是什么意思,可以用什么同义词或者短语代替? 什么是Perceived