医学博士英语作文真题

篇一：2014年全国统考医学博士英语真题作文

作文题目：学会呼吸能长寿。

生命离不开呼吸。人每分每秒都在进行呼吸运动，但你却未必呼吸得正确。英国一项研究显示，90%以上的成年人都不会有意识地调节呼吸。而据我国呼吸科专家统计，城市中一半以上人呼吸方式不正确，短浅的呼吸不仅让许多人大脑缺氧，容易疲惫，而且还容易诱发多种疾病！ 深呼吸的几大好处 那么，做腹式深呼吸有哪些好处呢？首先，深呼吸能防治呼吸系统疾病。常见的呼吸系统疾病包括慢性支气管炎、哮喘、肺气肿等。这些病人的肺部都处于无弹性和扩张状态，影响肺活量。而进行深呼吸，能逐步增大肌肉收缩力，有利于胸、肺的有效扩张，增强肋间肌活力，可以逐步恢复其弹性和肺活量，从而达到治疗和缓解病情的目的。 再次，深呼吸能帮助人们减压，缓解失眠症状。北京体育大学运动医学教授陆一帆表示，当人们主动调节呼吸的深度和频率，就能有效放松绷紧的神经，舒缓焦虑的心情。一些因为压力造成的颈部疼痛，通过瑜伽时的呼吸练习，疼痛感将会减弱。失眠的人也可用呼吸法来帮助入睡。通过降低呼吸节奏、平缓呼吸，能减轻失眠症状。 其次，深呼吸还可防治高血压。这是日本自治医科大学北村谕教授试验的一种深呼吸降血压法，其原理是人的肺部有被称为肺泡的小袋状物，大约有3亿个。在一般呼吸的情况下，只有其中的80％—90％能充分地工作，剩下的肺泡处于浪费状态。如果采用深呼吸，就可以使剩下的肺泡工作起来。当采用胸部深呼吸的时候，位于肺上部的肺泡开放；而在腹式深呼吸时，肺下部的肺泡也打开了。工作中所有的肺泡都在产生前列腺素，而且通过深呼吸还可使原来就在工作的80％—90％的肺泡产生比原来更多的前列腺素。这样，更多的前列腺素进入血管，从而使血管扩张，血压降低。每天早中晚三次，每次10分钟就有效果。

最重要的是，深呼吸能促进健康长寿。美国学者希尔在《从呼吸索取生命力》一文中指出：“有控制地深呼吸练习，可使大脑尽快消除疲劳，可以调节神经系统，使人轻松舒畅。深呼吸之所以有这样大的作用，在于正常人每次吸进与呼出的气体量只有400毫升—500毫升，而做一次最深的呼吸，男性可达到3500毫升，女性可达到2500毫升，相当于通常吸气的8倍，从而使生命获得大量的能源。”

如何学会正确呼吸 怎样才能学会正确呼吸呢？最关键的有两点，陆一帆指出，一是要缓和吸，也就是吸气的时候，要均匀缓慢，尽量深吸，让气体能充满肺泡；二是要用力吐，吐的干净，这样才能将废弃全部排出体外，保障交换的气体多一些。最科学的呼吸方法为：“吸——停（屏气10—20秒钟）——呼”的呼吸形式，可使副交感神经兴奋性增强，也可使肠鸣次数增加，有利于消化吸收，从而有益于健康长寿。 龙村修提倡的呼吸法，则是以深长的腹式呼吸为基础，逐步使肺、肋骨、横膈膜等肌肉群在呼吸时运动到最大幅度，让空气充满肺部的“全体呼吸法”。“刚开始虽要刻意练习，最终目标却是融入生活，各种姿势和动作都结合呼吸法去做。”龙村修表示，如此将更能掌握身体的力量和节奏，提高效率。例如用呼吸法攀登高山时，比较不会出现头痛等高山症状；打高尔夫挥杆能挥得更远。这种呼吸方法，在公车上、走路时、工作间隙，或者对着公园的树都能练习。尤其面对突如其来的负面情境时，呼吸法更能适时调节身心、稳定情绪。

篇二：2014年全国统考医学博士英语真题作文

作文题目：学会呼吸能长寿。

生命离不开呼吸。人每分每秒都在进行呼吸运动，但你却未必呼吸得正确。英国一项研究显示，90%以上的成年人都不会有意识地调节呼吸。而据我国呼吸科专家统计，城市中一半以上人呼吸方式不正确，短浅的呼吸不仅让许多人大脑缺氧，容易疲惫，而且还容易诱发多种疾病！ 深呼吸的几大好处

那么，做腹式深呼吸有哪些好处呢？首先，深呼吸能防治呼吸系统疾病。常见的呼吸系统疾病包括慢性支气管炎、哮喘、肺气肿等。这些病人的肺部都处于无弹性和扩张状态，影响肺活量。而进行深呼吸，能逐步增大肌肉收缩力，有利于胸、肺的有效扩张，增强肋间肌活力，可以逐步恢复其弹性和肺活量，从而达到治疗和缓解病情的目的。

再次，深呼吸能帮助人们减压，缓解失眠症状。北京体育大学运动医学教授陆一帆表示，当人们主动调节呼吸的深度和频率，就能有效放松绷紧的神经，舒缓焦虑的心情。一些因为压力造成的颈部疼痛，通过瑜伽时的呼吸练习，疼痛感将会减弱。失眠的人也可用呼吸法来帮助入睡。通过降低呼吸节奏、平缓呼吸，能减轻失眠症状。

其次，深呼吸还可防治高血压。这是日本自治医科大学北村谕教授试验的一种深呼吸降血压法，其原理是人的肺部有被称为肺泡的小袋状物，大约有3亿个。在一般呼吸的情况下，只有其中的80％—90％能充分地工作，剩下的肺泡处于浪费状态。如果采用深呼吸，就可以使剩下的肺泡工作起来。当采用胸部深呼吸的时候，位于肺上部的肺泡开放；而在腹式深呼吸时，肺下部的肺泡也打开了。工作中所有的肺泡都在产生前列腺素，而且通过深呼吸还可使原来就在工作的80％—90％的肺泡产生比原来更多的前列腺素。这样，更多的前列腺素进入血管，从而使血管扩张，血压降低。每天早中晚三次，每次10分钟就有效果。

最重要的是，深呼吸能促进健康长寿。美国学者希尔在《从呼吸索取生命力》一文中指出：“有控制地深呼吸练习，可使大脑尽快消除疲劳，可以调节神经系统，使人轻松舒畅。深呼吸之所以有这样大的作用，在于正常人每次吸进与呼出的气体量只有400毫升—500毫升，而做一次最深的呼吸，男性可达到3500毫升，女性可达到2500毫升，相当于通常吸气的8倍，从而使生命获得大量的能源。”

如何学会正确呼吸

怎样才能学会正确呼吸呢？最关键的有两点，陆一帆指出，一是要缓和吸，也就是吸气的时候，要均匀缓慢，尽量深吸，让气体能充满肺泡；二是要用力吐，吐的干净，这样才能将废弃全部排出体外，保障交换的气体多一些。最科学的呼吸方法为：“吸——停（屏气10—20秒钟）——呼”的呼吸形式，可使副交感神经兴奋性增强，也可使肠鸣次数增加，有利于消化吸收，从而有益于健康长寿。

龙村修提倡的呼吸法，则是以深长的腹式呼吸为基础，逐步使肺、肋骨、横膈膜等肌肉群在呼吸时运动到最大幅度，让空气充满肺部的“全体呼吸法”。“刚开始虽要刻意练习，最终目标却是融入生活，各种姿势和动作都结合呼吸法去做。”龙村修表示，如此将更能掌握身体的力量和节奏，提高效率。例如用呼吸法攀登高山时，比较不会出现头痛等高山症状；打高尔夫挥杆能挥得更远。这种呼吸方法，在公车上、走路时、工作间隙，或者对着公园的树都能练习。尤其面对突如其来的负面情境时，呼吸法更能适时调节身心、稳定情绪。

篇三：历年全国医学博士英语统考写作真题

历年全国医学博士英语统考写作真题 全国医学博士英语统考1998年真题

Directions: Please read the following article in Chinese carefully. Afterwards, write a summary of 250 to 300 words in English on the answer sheet and make sure that you have covered all the major points of the article.

大学生，心理咨询是你的朋友

1994年秋，香港一位心理学家到南京大学找部分学生开座谈会，问了一个问题：如果你有心理障碍，怎么办?许多学生淡然一笑：自己解决!

时过境迁，两年后，南京大学“大学生心理健康教育与研究中心”向学生发放了咨询卡。出乎意料的是，学生们表现出了很高的参与热情，发放问卷2132份。在填写过程中，好多学生的思想经历了嬗变的阵痛。在“你认为你有没有心理卫生问题?”及“你有心理卫生或障碍怎么办?”一栏中做出了勇敢的抉择。对回收的问卡，咨询员进行综合统计，最终筛选出209名重点对象，向其发出了“邀请信”，有针对性地开展心理疏通，为许多学生解开了“心头疙瘩”。 有关资料表明：我国70-80％的大学生有心理问题，20.3％有心理障碍。心理的不正常严重影响了大学生的生活、学习。为了使大学生有一个健康的心理，全国各高校一直致力于大学生心理保健工作。在南京地区，解放军南京政治学院、南京大学分别形成了具有“军、地”特色的心理保健机构体系，其它高校也纷纷提出了“让大学生精神走出回形谷”的口号，通过发放“个性问卷UPI卡”、开办讲座、重点谈心等活动，使学生对心理问题有了科学的认识。

南京大学于去年9月份设立了“心理门诊”。挂牌后，不少学生下课在门外打转转，互相鼓励着走进去向咨询人员敞开了心扉，使得内心压抑得以释放。类似情况在军校同样存在，军中骄子们也冲破思想藩篱，以不同方式进行咨询，诸如“经济条件差、优越感不强、认为纪律约束难受、对前途信心不足”等心头疙瘩也被一一解开。但是，在另外一些高校，不少学生仍不好意思进行心理咨询，有的甚至步人认识的误区：一些人认为心理问题，硬是让“心理咨询”给弄出来的。还有学生认为，心理咨询是“去痛片”、“麻醉药”，只能隔靴搔痒，无法从根本上解决问题。江苏省大学生心理专业委员会主任桑志芹副教授说，许多学生由于没有及时找医生进行“心理按摩”，使得心理问题发展为“障碍”，再发展成为“疾病”。江苏每年均有大学生因为心理疾病导致精神畸变而自尽或人院治疗。

在一些高校调查时，我们发现了一些触目惊心的事例。某学院一名班长因成绩下降，被免去职务后，竟导致了精神病。某学院一名“三好生”因为“永不满足”产生焦虑，竞跳楼自尽??其实，这些学生的心理疾病的产生都有一个渐变过程，遗憾的是，他们没有正确认识到心理咨询的地位和作用，不愿意向他人倾

诉心声，长期郁闷压抑，最终导致症状出现。医生把这称之为“量的积累，导致质的变化”。

高校心理咨询经过不长时间的发展，已初步发展成为一门独具特色的教育学科，为高校的发展，学生的健康成长，为校园精神文明建设发挥着突出的作用。然而，目前高校的心理咨询喜忧参半，不少高校还没有认识到心理咨询的作用，有些高校即使有了咨询室，也仅是由内、外科医生兼职。同时，不少大学生对心理咨询还没有一个理性的认识，使得校方的心理咨询不能充分发挥作用。因此，如何使学生正确认识心理咨询，并能主动参与，是个亟待解决的问题。

全国医学博士英语统考1999年真题

Directions: Please read the following article in Chinese carefully. Afterwards, write a summary of 200 words in English on the answer sheet and make sure that you have covered all the major points of the article.

19世纪德国人F. Tonnies提出社区是由共同生活的同质人口组成。他们向往由共同价值、关系密切、守望相助、防御病痛、富有人情味的共同体。笔者曾提出，要用整体医学观、社会医学观和人文医学观指导卫生改革，引导医学新潮流。社区卫生服务是以个人为中心，以家庭为单位，以社区为范围的基层卫生服务，医学服务不能把病与人分离，把病人的主观自我与客观自我分离。单凭几个检验数据来判断疾病，忽视处于第三状态的人，忽视人的心理社会背景，“物化医患关系”，怎能实现医学的最终目的，还“医乃仁术”的本来面目?

我国传统医学是人文主导型医学，“仁者爱人”，“医者仁也”。西方医学为科技主导型医学。两者需互补优缺，绝不能搞单独技术主义。社区卫生服务的连续性、系统性、综合性和方便性，能使人文医学和技术医学相得益彰。目前医院有些医生，冷面孔待病人，病人姓甚名谁不知，年龄职业不问，家庭情况不闻，心理社会因素置若罔闻，难免有失偏颇，造成误诊，临床诊断与病理诊断不符合。20多年前某医学院有位老师，出差回来肝剧痛，同位素诊断怀疑肝癌，请内、外科专家会诊，两位专家都主张肝腹探查。该老师的邻居也是医生，由于了解其肝大肝硬已有十几年，认为肝痛是工作紧张引起，休息一段时间会好转，不同意专家建议。该老师目前仍健康地工作，免挨一刀。此种案例还有不少。对病人的心理和社会情况全面了解，真正把病人当作人而不是“物化”，全科医生的服务质量会比目前不到15分钟看一个门诊病人的医疗质量高得多、好得多。

人有男女老少之分，工农商学兵之分，贫富地位高低之分，ABC型性格之分，四种气质之分等，只有社区全科医生才有条件去全面了解人，关心人，尊重人和服务人。医学服务还有照顾、保护、关怀之意，绝不是开个处方、取几瓶药、打一下针就能实现的，社区全科医学服务就体现此种人文精神。医生与居民做到守望相助，关系密切，富有人情味。WHO公布影响健康的四个因素中，不良生活方式和行为占全球死亡因素的60％，我国也占50％以上，愈发达的地区，此比例也越大。它受社会心理因素影响，要靠全科医学服务才能很好地解决。

医生成为家庭的医学顾问，不是亲人，胜似亲人。在日本，有的全科医护人员，为了劝人戒烟酒，天天上门做健康教育工作，诚之所至，金石为开，感动人们戒烟酒成功，使近20年来，高血压患病率下降3／4；心血管患病率下降2／3，成效卓著。美国开展健康助手活动，签订家庭服务协议书，帮助慢性病人的家属了解防治疾病和急救知识，使近20年来心脏病死亡率下降30％，脑血管病死亡率下降50％。

正当社区卫生服务方兴未艾之际，我认为，在理解此种服务的战略意义中，应体现人文医学精神，在全科医学培养教育中要贯彻此种精神，加强人文社会学科教育。古希腊一位哲学家说过：“医学治好身体的毛病，哲学解除灵魂的烦恼。”社区医生用人文医学精神武装头脑，不但能防治好躯体疾病，还能解除人们行为心理上的烦恼，使卫生服务提高一个档次，人民健康水平更上一层楼。

全国医学博士英语统考2000年真题

Directions: Please read the following article in Chinese carefully, and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWFR SHEET. Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article.

有科学家预言，未来医学是预防医学和自我保健医学的时代。随着社会的发展，疾病谱正在发生巨大变化，影响人类健康的因素及医学模式也都有所改变。来自人们心理、得为以及自然和社会环境因素的“生活方式病”已越来越多地威胁人们的健康。人们逐渐发现，个人、家庭、社会参与卫生保健的作用越来越大，健康教育已成为解决当代公共卫生问题的重要内容。国外一些学者甚至喊出：“未来，谁掌握了健康教育，谁就掌握了自己的健康和命运。”

本世纪末到下世纪初，是我国卫生保健事业发展的重要时期，也是我国慢性非传染性疾病发病的高峰期。西方发达国家的实践已经表明，治疗慢性非传染性疾病，经济耗费是巨大的，效益却微乎其微。然而，慢性非传染性疾病大多是可以预防的，只要大力开展健康教育、促进健康，花费比治疗要少得多的经费，就可以使慢性病发病率大大降低。芬兰、美国等国均取得了使慢性病发病率下降30%至50%的明显效果。国内外的事实证明，开展全方位、多层次的健康服务和健康教育，促进健康，是低投入高产出的事业。

世界卫生组织西太区办事处1995年提出了《健康新地平线》的理论，指出卫生工作应以人为中心，以健康为中心，而不应以疾病为中心。在未来的卫生保健工作中，健康教育、促进健康、健康保护将成为优先发展的战略重点。

国务院颁布的《21世纪义程》和《中国卫生发展与改革纲要》，都把开展全民健康教育作为战略重点。卫生部在我国卫生事业2000年规划设想中提出：把健康教育工作作为各级类卫生单位的基本职能之一，动员全社会，最大限度地控制和消除影响人民身体健康的各种危险因素。

卫生工作根本目的在于保障全体人民群众的健康，减少各种危害健康的因素，减少疾病，提高人民群众的健康素质和生活质量。而达到这一目的，必须有广大人民群众参与；动员广大群众参与，最有利的形式就是开展健康教育，解决当今主要的社会卫生问题。

我国的健康教育起步较晚，经验尚显不足。面对诸多影响人群健康的危险因素，面对医学模式的转变和21世纪的需求，面对与国际上促进健康的模式接轨，我们应该做些什么？

有关专家指出，目前，我国健康教育投入甚微，健康教育运行机制和政府对健康教育的管理尚不够协调。健康教育专业学科师资缺乏，健康教育的技术力量和手段还比较落后，不能适应提高全民健康素质战略任务的需求。

上海医科大学健康教育学教研室主任黄敬亨教授指出。我国应尽快建立健全全国健康促进体系。黄教授说，近十几年来，健康教育与促进健康在世界上已取得了长足发展，促进健康已纪为公共卫生政策的核心内容。发达国家的经验表明，发展与健全促进健康体系是医学模式改变后最佳选择。澳大利亚等国家的促进健康工作已使它们跻身于世界上国民健康水平最高的国家行列之中。黄敬亨教授建议，我国应加强医学院校健康教育与促进健康专业建设工作。他介绍，目前西方国家已把健康教育、促进健康、行业科学及初级卫生保健列入大学的必修课程（而且，不仅限于医学院校、师范院校），而我国目前却只有六七所医学院校设有该专业，且力量相当薄弱，应尽快扭转这一局面，加速健康教育专业师资培养和人才培训，以适应21世纪人群健康对健康教育提出的要求。

完善社区网络，开展社区服务，是目前我国健康教育面临的又一问题。世界卫生组织规定，开展城市社区健康教育：创建“健康城市”的标准之一，就是社区居民居住区的一定范围内设有健康教育服务站。世界卫生组织认为，人的健康应该从一出生起就得到关注，包括婴幼儿、青少年、中老年等每一阶段，都应有专人为其提供健康服务。中国健康教育研究所副研究员徐岫茹指出，我国尚缺少社区健康教育场所，社区健康教育活动也只停留在照顾孤

寡老人、精神病人等单层面上，只有“照顾”，谈不上“教育”。徐岫茹介绍，前两年她们曾在北京安华小区讲课，讲婴幼儿健康、心理卫生等内容，很受当地居民欢迎，但由于没有固定场所和必需的设备，这种社区健康教育服务最终未能坚持下来。

有关专家谈到，搞好健康教育需要医务人员的配合，需要医生“转变角色”。目前，大部分心理门诊设在医院，可心理疾病往往来自复杂的社会问题。医生通常只习惯于开药治病，而病人又往往认为自己的病不需要吃药，需要的是医生的指导和精神“治疗”，结果使一些精神疾病得不到帮助和指导。专家建议，应建立各类健康服务中心，如借鉴美国的社区服务经验，在社区内建立“拯救自杀中心”、“儿童问题中心”、“婚姻家庭中心”、“老年问题中心”等，为每家每户每个人建立健康档案。

全国医学博士英语统考2001年真题

Directions: Read the following article in Chinese carefully, and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article.

尽管冬季寒冷，但是仍需进行必要的体育锻炼。寒冷的气候条件下进行体育锻炼，一定要注意自我保健，否则，会适得其反，冻坏身体。冬季体育锻炼项目主要有滑冰、滑雪、晨练、冬泳等，下面结合冬季气候作介绍。

首先是着装问题。服装的隔热值必须与运动中增强的代谢产热过程平衡。在冷天中多穿衣服，衣服在皮肤之外包住一层温暖的空气，使传导散热过程减弱。但在运动时，肌体的产热大大增加，如果穿得过多，反而有害，应穿轻便的衣服。这样在运动中产热增加时，可以方便地脱掉。近年来服装制造商在发展轻质服装方面不断改进，这样可以保证良好的隔热性，同时又保证了活动的自由性。 在寒冷环境下运动时，机体能量代谢增强，产热增加，此时肌体血管扩展，大大降低了身体对寒冷的抵抗能力。因此，在运动间隙要特别注意保暖，及时加衣。寒冷环境中运动时能量消耗大，代谢水平高，使身体内的能源物质消耗增多，在代谢过程中还需要各种维生素的参与，如维生素B1、B2、B3、烟酸、维生素C等需求增加。

因此，对于从事滑冰、滑雪及在寒冷环境下锻炼者的膳食，应注意增加较多的热量。一般来说，冬季比春季从事同等强度的运动热量消耗高10％左右。据测算，一个成年人两个小时的滑冰练习可增加消耗1000千卡～1500千卡热量，在三大物质的比例中，因脂肪具有产热量多的特点，且增加脂肪有助于肌体御寒，故应适当增加脂肪的供能比例，一般可占全部热量的25％～30％；而蛋白质也应偏高，占12％－18％；其余由糖来供给。体育运动者按每天消耗3500卡热量计算，蛋白质约需 130克，脂肪150克，糖约480克。相当于每天应摄人米饭或馒头600克左右，鸡肉100克，瘦猪肉200克，鸡蛋两个，牛奶两杯，植物油50克等。

冰雪项目锻炼中，膳食中维生素也应相应增加，维生素C能增强人体对寒冷的适应能力。据文献，摄人大量维生素可明显减少寒冷环境中的体温下降幅度，缓解机体肾上腺的过度应激反应，增加机体耐寒能力。

冬泳是我国北方的一大特色，冬泳健身在理论上有其科学性，但冬泳毕竟是一项冒险的运动，必须掌握科学的方法。反之，就会影响身体健康，甚至诱发疾病。一是冬泳锻炼应从秋季的冷水浴开始，逐渐提高对寒冷的适应能力；冬泳期间应加强高能量饮食的补充，冬泳前不要喝酒；对于心、肝、肾有严重疾病的人或脑血管病、溃疡、关节炎患者，以及妇女在月经期均不宜冬泳。

冬季有晨练习惯的人，遇大雾天，最好在室内进行，一是雾天能见度低，容易发生交通事故；二是冬雾中含有对人体有害的酸和胺等污染物，吸入人体易引起气管炎、喉炎、结膜炎和一些过敏性疾病。另外，冬季晨练应尽量用鼻呼吸，

篇四：医学考博-医博英语历年真题写作范文

97年题

A Blind Zone in Childr-Nutrition

This article reveals a mistaken idea in child-raising which deserves correcting. Most parents take it for granted that children should eat more animal foods such as chicken, meat and fish than grain food because the former are far more expensive and the more expensive the food is the more nutritious it is. However, this is, in fact, a mistaken idea which has lead to malnutrition among many city kids. This is indicated in a survey recently made in Shanghai.

What parents don’t know is that carbohydrate in grains, starch and sugar, the main and most inexpensive nutrient for energy supply, is of equal importance in metabolism. The energy it supplies is the main source of calories in human bodies,about 60% of the total amount of calories. If there is a lack of calories provided by carbohydrate, protein and fat will be used up to provide the heat and thus can’t play their original roles in the body. Consequently, it results in a retarded development in the children and even malnutrition.

Apparently, the solution to the problem is to provide kids with a well-balanced food containing protein, carbohydrate and many other nutrients, none of which can be done without.

Writing Drill 4(98 FATMD)

In the past several years, many Chinese college students have come to accept psychological consultation(PC) they used to reject. In 1994, many students didn’t care to think about the consultation while in 1996, over 90% of 2132 students in a survey answered the related questionnaires carefully. PC is now gradually accepted by college students in China.

Surveys indicate that 70-80% college students have psychological problems and 20.3% have such obstacles. There have been reports on many severe cases resulting from misunderstanding and lack of PC. In view of this, many universities in Nanjing have set up psychological healthcare service for students. Many students have corrected their misunderstanding about PC and bravely asked the consultants for help, which has greatly helped them overcome their mental obstacles. Even some military cadets have begun to consult experts for advice. Experts point out that prompt consultation can prevent mental problems from developing into obstacles, mental illnesses and even suicide.

University psychological consultation, young as it is, has made remarkable progress and grown into a unique course in universities. Though it contributed to students’ healthy growth, it still has a long way to go to be fully understood and appreciated by both students and faculties.

Writing Drill 5 老年健康饮食为先

Aging usually brings about recession in many bodily functions such indigestion, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and other metabolic dysfunctions. However, scientists find that these hypofunctions are actually caused by irrational diets or eating habits. This article discusses this problem and the solution to it.

First, balanced diet with more vegetables than animal food is especially good for the old people. Second, less staple food and less salt in food should be suggested for the aged because overconsumption of these two can lead to cardiovascular diseases. Third, more bean food can replace proteins such as eggs and fat as sources of protein. Fourth, light food should be taken in

instead of fat and oily foods which usually contribute to cardiovascular diseases. Fifth, doctors always advise people eat more fruit to regulate their digestion, metabolism and cardiovascular balance.

In a word, a balanced diet, more vegetable food instead of fat food are of the first significance to the health of the aged and a long life.

Writing Drill 6

Recently, more attention has been paid to a behavioral prescription for various and physical diseases. It includes laughter, sports, dancing and even crying. These methods have different functions.

Laughter activates over 80 muscles. In laughing, smooth muscles in organs contract and help improve digestion. Crying can give vent to harmful chemicals in the body accumulated by stress. Sports and dancing can relieve chronic illness such as bronchitis, back pain, diabetes, etc. that medication alone can’t do.

Many diseases of today are caused by bad mental conditions, work and stress, family problems, etc. Medication doesn’t usually effect in these cases because it doesn’t treat the cause of the ailments. Behavioral prescription, with its physical and mental massage like sports and dancing, can help patients stay off the cause of their diseases. Therefore, it is advocated by many doctors and health experts.

It is expected that behavioral prescription will applied more widely as an effective therapy in the near future.f

Writing Drill 7 Smoking and Health

It is not until recently that smoking has been firmly proved to be hazardous to health. It irritates the throat and respiratory passages. It sometimes leads to poor appetite, nausea, short breath, and irregular heartbeat. More importantly, smoking is associated with chronic and fatal diseases of respiratory tract. Evidence shows that smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to develop cancer of the lungs, throat, tongue, and jaw, emphysema and bronchitis as well. As a result, many nations have made enormous efforts to warn people of the dangers of smoking.

While smoking, particles of tobacco tar and smoke slow down the work of cilia. The tar collected in the lungs can cause cancer. Moreover, nicotine in tobacco can be simulating by affecting various centers on the medulla oblongata region of the brain. It can affect other physiological process that in turn affect the respiratory center in the brain. It can also influence other centers that slow down the action of the heart, constrict the arteries, and cause vomiting.

In brief, smoking does nothing but harm to people’s health. Therefore, smokers of any age or kind should try to give it up.

这篇短文的主旨是说明吸烟对健康危害及造成危害的原因，通读全文，根据其要点可以分为四个部分：1）吸烟有害；2）吸烟有哪些具体的害处；3）为什么吸烟会有害，亦即其致害机理是什么；4）总结：吸烟有害要戒烟。

总之，摘要写作时切忌“见木不见林”，要体现出层次感，结构要明快，这样可以向阅卷老师表明你的逻辑。

Writing Drill 9 Handwashing and Health

Hospital infection is one of the causes of morbidity and mortality. The risk of transmitting

pathogens by the hands of health care workers (HCWs) is increasingly big today. A simple and effective way of prevention is handwashing.

But it is found that HCWs don’t always wash their hands before and after patient contacts. Semmelweis, a Viennese doctor in 1847, believed that high puerperal fever rate in some wards was caused by the hands of some medical students. He ordered that all students wash their hands with chlorinated lime before and between all patient contacts. As a result, the rate fell sharply. His methods were used by some other hospitals but his beliefs were ignored largely at that time.

In the 1980s, a government health organization recommended that handwashing be imposed. But it has not been well compiled, even in ICUs, despite some efforts to improve compliance. The traditional handwashing practice has not been changed yet.

HCWs have their own excuse for the resistance, such as no time, skin irritation, etc. Some say they have done it but surveys prove otherwise. With more multidrug-resistant pathogens on the increase. HCWs have to know that handwashing means health. HCWs: wash your hands before or between patient contacts.

本篇短文主要讲了通过洗手防止和减少医院获得性感染的问题， 这篇短文总的说来结构比较清晰，总结归纳起来相对容易，摘要写作当中，首先要将摘要分成三个部分，先象一般的论文一样写个引言，介绍主题，其次写Semmelweis首先发现了医务工作者不洗手而接触病人会造成感染，而洗手可以减少这种感染及引起的死亡率，尽管他的方法没有得到当时医学界的认可，最后是结论部分，写20世纪80年代，政府健康机构也要求强制洗手，但执行情况并不尽如人意。

总之，摘要写作时切忌“见木不见林”，要体现出层次感，结构要明快，细节引用尽量地少，这样才可以向阅卷老师表明你的逻辑性强，抓住了要点。

Writing Drill 10 Dangerous Factors in Maturing

On their way to adulthood, adolescens are faced with many dangerous factors. These may include sexual encounters with HIV carriers, violence, mental and sexual abuse, drug abuse, smoking, as well as the negligence from the adults.

What can doctors do to make the teenagers’ world a safer place? Perhaps we should first call for attention from the medical profession to the long ignored needs of teenagers. Some critics suggest that adolescent medicine become a medical subspecialty for more and proper attention to teenagers’ needs. Of course, there are some difficulties such as policymakers’ focus on more general practitioners whereas adolescents are poorly served by the medical community.

Adolescents deserve primary care that is attentive to their special needs. The best way is to encourage policymakers to be interested in adolescent medicine. One of the ways for this is to require most medical students and trainees to master the skills needed to treat teenagers. Writing Drill 14 Psychological Care of Medical Patients

There are more and more physically ill people accompanied by psychiatric morbidity, which can be physically and mentally harmful if not treated promptly and properly.

However, there is a lack of psychiatric care of these patients, which has to be addressed in no time. There are some cost-effective treatments for psychiatric disorder in physically ill people. But few hospitals arrange formal services for these patients, which may not be efficient in the future. Some health service reforms have also affected the formerly cooperative relationship between psychiatrists and general hospital doctors. Pressure on beds in both psychiatry and general medicine makes the already difficult task of caring for patients with coexisting mental and physical illness harder. Besides, increased consumerism and heightened awareness of coexistence

of mental and physical illness adds to demand for relevant services.

In view of this situation, some British psychiatrists and physicians suggested that doctors and nurses learn to identify mental problems in their patients and offer psychological care and refer for psychiatric help. In their report, they also provided some relevant knowledge and approaches to treatment and psychiatric services.

本文的内容根据标题便可不言自明了；患有身体疾病的同时伴有心理疾病的人越来越多，但这些人的心理护理亟需要得到科学的治疗和护理。摘要中要突出这种内科病人的心理护理缺医少药的问题，如缺乏正规的治疗和医护人员，费用昂贵等，结论断要包含专家就此问题提出的建议和看法。

摘要可以分成三个部分，一是引言段，引出问题；二是正文段，概述问题并加以讨论；三是结论段，用专家的建议作为结尾。

总之，摘要写作时切忌“见木不见林”，要体现出层次感，结构要明快，不要拘泥于细节，这样可以向阅卷老师表明你的逻辑性强，抓住了要点。

文章来自临床实验室仪器信息网(www.Clin-Lab.Com) - 详文链接：/html/linjian/kaoshi/yishizige/2010/0503/22750.html

篇五：医学博士英语历年真题摘要写作范文

97 A Blind Zone in Childr-Nutrition

This article reveals揭示 a mistaken idea in child-raising which deserves值得 correcting. Most parents take it for granted that children should eat more animal foods such as chicken, meat and fish than grain food because the former are far more expensive and the more expensive the food is the more nutritious it is. However, this is, in fact, a mistaken idea which has lead to malnutrition among many city kids. This is indicated 表明的in a survey recently made in Shanghai.

What parents don’t know is that carbohydrate碳水化合物,糖类 in grains, starch 淀粉and sugar, the main and most inexpensive nutrient for energy supply, is of equal importance in metabolism新陈代谢. The energy it supplies is the main source of calories卡路里 in human bodies, about 60% of the total amount of calories. If there is a lack of calories provided by carbohydrate, protein and fat will be used up to provide the heat and thus can’t play their original roles in the body. Consequently接连发生的事情, 结果, it results in a retarded 智力迟钝的; 发展迟缓的development in the children and even malnutrition.

Apparently, the solution to the problem is to provide kids with a well-balanced food containing protein, carbohydrate and many other nutrients营养素, none of which can be done without.

Writing Drill 4(98 FATMD)

In the past several years, many Chinese college students have come to accept psychological 心理的consultation会诊,咨询(PC) they used to惯常reject. In 1994, many students didn’t care to think about the consultation while in 1996, over 90% of 2132 students in a survey answered the related questionnaires carefully. PC is now gradually accepted by college students in China.

Surveys indicate that 70-80% college students have psychological problems and 20.3% have such obstacles业障. There have been reports on many severe cases重症,重病患者 resulting from misunderstanding and lack of PC. In view of 考虑到this, many universities in Nanjing have set up psychological healthcare医疗保健,健康护理 service for students. Many students have corrected校正 their misunderstanding about PC and bravely asked the consultants for help, which has greatly helped them overcome their mental obstacles. Even some military cadets军校学员 have begun to consult请教 experts for advice. Experts point out that prompt consultation can prevent mental精神的,心理的 problems from developing into obstacles, mental illnesses and even suicide.

University psychological consultation, young as it is, has made remarkable progress and grown into a unique独特的唯一的 course in universities. Though it contributed to促成 students’ healthy growth, it still has a long way to go to be fully understood and appreciated by both students and faculties.

Writing Drill 5 老年健康饮食为先

Aging usually brings about recession后退 in many bodily functions such indigestion, hypertension高血压, arteriosclerosis血管硬化,动脉硬化, and other metabolic 代谢作用的dysfunctions异常,机能障碍. However, scientists find that these hypofunctions机能减退 are actually caused by irrational不合理的 diets or eating habits饮食习惯. This article discusses this problem and the solution to it.

First, balanced diet with more vegetables than animal food is especially特别 good for the old people. Second, less staple主要的food主食 and less salt in food should be suggested for the

aged because overconsumption of these two can lead to cardiovascular diseases心血管疾病. Third, more bean food can replace proteins such as eggs and fat as sources of protein. Fourth, light food 清淡食物should be taken in instead of fat and oily foods油腻食物 which usually contribute to促成 cardiovascular diseases. Fifth, doctors always advise people eat more fruit to regulate their digestion, metabolism and cardiovascular balance.

In a word, a balanced diet, more vegetable food 植物性食品instead of fat food are of the first significance to the health of the aged and a long life.

Writing Drill 6

Recently, more attention has been paid to a behavioral prescription for various and physical diseases. It includes laughter, sports, dancing and even crying. These methods have different functions.

Laughter activates over 80 muscles. In laughing, smooth muscles平滑肌 in organs 器官contract收缩 and help improve digestion. Crying can give vent to发泄 harmful chemicals in the body accumulated by stress. Sports and dancing can relieve chronic illness such as bronchitis支气管炎, back pain, diabetes, etc. that medication 药物治疗alone can’t do.

Many diseases of today are caused by bad mental conditions, work and stress, family problems, etc. Medication doesn’t usually effect in these cases because it doesn’t treat the cause of the ailments. 疾病 Behavioral prescription, with its physical and mental massage like sports and dancing, can help patients stay off the cause of their diseases. Therefore, it is advocated 提倡by many doctors and health experts.

It is expected that behavioral prescription will applied more widely as an effective therapy in the near future.

Writing Drill 7 Smoking and Health

It is not until recently that smoking has been firmly proved to be hazardous to health. It irritates刺激 the throat 咽and respiratory passages呼吸道. It sometimes leads to poor appetite食欲, nausea恶心, short breath气促, and irregular heartbeat心悸. More importantly, smoking is associated with chronic and fatal diseases 不治之症of respiratory呼吸的 tract呼吸道. Evidence shows that smokers are more likely有可能的than nonsmokers to develop cancer of the lungs, throat, tongue, and jaw, emphysema肺气肿and bronchitis as well. As a result, many nations have made enormous efforts努力to warn people of the dangers of smoking.

While smoking, particles颗粒of tobacco烟草, 香烟tar焦油and smoke slow down减速the work of cilia纤毛. The tar collected in the lungs can cause引起cancer. Moreover, 而且, 此外nicotine尼古丁in tobacco can be simulating模拟by affecting various centers on the medulla骨髓oblongata延髓region of the brain. It can affect other physiological生理学的process that in turn affect the respiratory呼吸中枢center in the brain. It can also influence other centers that slow down the action of the heart, constrict使收缩the arteries动脉, and cause vomiting呕吐.

In brief, 简单扼要地smoking does nothing but harm to people’s health. Therefore, smokers of any age or kind should try to give it up.

这篇短文的主旨是说明吸烟对健康危害及造成危害的原因，通读全文，根据其要点可以分为四个部分：1）吸烟有害；2）吸烟有哪些具体的害处；3）为什么吸烟会有害，亦即其致害机理是什么；4）总结：吸烟有害要戒烟。

总之，摘要写作时切忌“见木不见林”，要体现出层次感，结构要明快，这样可以向阅卷

老师表明你的逻辑。

Writing Drill 9 Handwashing and Health

Hospital infection is one of the causes of morbidity and mortality发病率和死亡率. The risk of transmitting pathogens病菌by the hands of health care workers (HCWs) 卫生保健工作者is increasingly日益big today. A simple and effective有效的way of prevention is handwashing. But it is found that HCWs don’t always wash their hands before and after patient contacts. Semmelweis, a Viennese doctor in 1847, believed that high puerperal fever产褥热rate in some wards was caused by the hands of some medical students. He ordered that all students wash their hands with chlorinated lime含氯石灰before and between all patient contacts. As a result, the rate fell sharply. His methods were used by some other hospitals but his beliefs were ignored largely at that time.

In the 1980s, a government health organization recommended含氯石灰that handwashing be imposed强加. But it has not been well compiled, even in ICUs, despite虽然, 尽管some efforts to improve compliance顺应性. The traditional handwashing practice has not been changed yet. HCWs have their own excuse for原谅the resistance抵抗力耐药性, such as no time, skin irritation刺激, etc. Some say they have done it but surveys prove otherwise. With more multidrug-resistant多重耐药pathogens on the increase. HCWs have to know that handwashing means health. HCWs: wash your hands before or between patient contacts.

本篇短文主要讲了通过洗手防止和减少医院获得性感染的问题， 这篇短文总的说来结构比较清晰，总结归纳起来相对容易，摘要写作当中，首先要将摘要分成三个部分，先象一般的论文一样写个引言，介绍主题，其次写Semmelweis首先发现了医务工作者不洗手而接触病人会造成感染，而洗手可以减少这种感染及引起的死亡率，尽管他的方法没有得到当时医学界的认可，最后是结论部分，写20世纪80年代，政府健康机构也要求强制洗手，但执行情况并不尽如人意。

总之，摘要写作时切忌“见木不见林”，要体现出层次感，结构要明快，细节引用尽量地少，这样才可以向阅卷老师表明你的逻辑性强，抓住了要点。

complication

Writing Drill 10 Dangerous Factors in Maturing

On their way to adulthood, adolescens are faced with many dangerous factors. These may include sexual encounters遭遇with HIV carriers, violence暴力, mental and sexual abuse性虐待, drug abuse吸毒, smoking, as well as与……一样好; 除……之外the negligence from the adults.

What can doctors do to make the teenagers’ world a safer place? Perhaps we should first call for求援attention from the medical profession医药职业to the long ignored needs of teenagers. Some critics suggest that adolescent medicine become a medical subspecialty医药职业for more and proper attention to teenagers’ needs. Of course, there are some difficulties such as决策者policymakers’ focus on more general practitioners私人开业医生,全科医师whereas adolescents are poorly served by the medical community社区.

Adolescents deserve该得到, 值得primary care that is attentive to their special needs. The best way is to encourage policymakers to be interested in adolescent medicine. One of the ways for this is to require命令, 要求most medical students and trainees to master the skills needed to treat teenagers.

Writing Drill 14 Psychological Care of Medical Patients

There are more and more physically身体上地ill people accompanied by psychiatric精神病的morbidity精神病的, which can be physically and mentally harmful if not treated promptly and properly.

However, there is a lack of psychiatric care照顾of these patients, which has to be addressed in no time. There are some cost-effective treatments for psychiatric精神病的disorder in physically ill people. But few hospitals arrange formal正式的services for these patients, which may not be efficient in the future. Some health service reforms改革have also affected the formerly以前cooperative relationship between psychiatrists精神科医师and general hospital doctors. Pressure on beds in both psychiatry精神病学and general medicine makes the already difficult task工作任务of caring for patients with coexisting共存mental and physical illness harder. Besides, increased consumerism保护消费者利益and heightened awareness of coexistence of mental and physical illness adds to demand for relevant services.

保护消费者利益In view of this situation, some British psychiatrists and physicians suggested that doctors and nurses learn to identify mental problems in their patients and offer psychological care and refer for psychiatric精神病的help. In their report, they also provided some relevant knowledge and approaches门径to treatment and psychiatric services.

本文的内容根据标题便可不言自明了；患有身体疾病的同时伴有心理疾病的人越来越多，但这些人的心理护理亟需要得到科学的治疗和护理。摘要中要突出这种内科病人的心理护理缺医少药的问题，如缺乏正规的治疗和医护人员，费用昂贵等，结论断要包含专家就此问题提出的建议和看法。

摘要可以分成三个部分，一是引言段，引出问题；二是正文段，概述问题并加以讨论；三是结论段，用专家的建议作为结尾。

总之，摘要写作时切忌“见木不见林”，要体现出层次感，结构要明快，不要拘泥于细节，这样可以向阅卷老师表明你的逻辑性强，抓住了要点。

influenza流行性感冒A (H1N1)

Influenza A (H1N1) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza viruses that causes regular outbreaks in pigs. People do not normally get H1N1, but human infections can and do happen. Influenza A (H1N1) viruses have been reported to spread from person-to-person, but in the past, this transmission was limited and not sustained beyond three people.

甲型流感(H1N1)是由A型流感病毒引起的呼吸性疾病，在猪群体中定期发作。人通常不会感染H1N1，但是人可以被传染，这也正是现在发生的情况。曾有甲型流感病毒(H1N1)在人际间传染的报道，但是过去发生的传染较为有限，通常不会超过3个人。 What are the symptoms?

疾病症状是怎样的？

Limited information is available at this stage. It appears that the early symptoms are similar to seasonal flu - cough, fever, sore throat, headache, runny nose, general fatigue, and muscle pains. Some patients have also had vomiting and diarrhea. Severe cases have progressed quickly (within 5 days) to a pneumonia-like illness, which involves shortness of breath and difficulty breathing.

目前相关信息比较有限。初期症状类似季节性感冒，包括咳嗽、发热、咽喉肿痛、头疼、流鼻涕、全身疲劳、以及肌肉痛。有些患者还出现呕吐和腹泻的情况。病情严重的患者迅速发展（5天内）成类似肺炎的情况，包括呼吸短促和困难。

If you or your family experience these types of symptoms, it is important to stay home from

work or school and to seek medical care, in particular, if you have recently traveled to the affected areas of if you have difficulty breathing.

如果您或您的家人出现上述症状，请不要去上班或上学，立即就诊。如果您最近曾去过疫区，或者您呼吸困难，更要特别注意。

How is this influenza A (H1N1) spreading?

甲型流感病毒(H1N1)是怎样传播的？

It is most likely spreading from person to person in the same way other flu viru

ses spread: through infectious respiratory droplets (droplets released when a person coughs, sneezes or talks). If these get into a healthy person's nose or mouth, they can get infected.

最有可能的人际传播方式与其他流感病毒相同：即通过传染性的呼吸飞沫（当人咳嗽、打喷嚏或说话时产生的飞沫）传播。如果飞沫进入健康人的鼻子或口腔，他们就会被传染。

Sometimes people get infected when they touch something with flu virus on it and then touch their mouth or nose. Flu virus can live on shared objects (doorknobs, keyboards, counters, etc).

有时，接触带有流感病毒的物品表面，然后又接触自己的口或鼻也会造成传染。病毒可以在共用物品表面生存（门把手、键盘、柜台等）

How can I prevent from getting sick? 怎样才能避免传染？

It is important to follow specific precautions to reduce the chance of acquiring or spreading the virus:

采取针对性的预防措施，降低患病或传染病毒的几率十分重要：

? Frequent hand washing with soap and water or with an alcohol-based hand gel 经常用肥皂和水洗手，或用酒精擦手液

? Covering the mouth when coughing or sneezing, preferably with a tissue ?a href="http://www.zw2.cn/zhuanti/guanyurenzuowen/" target="_blank" class="keylink">人曰虼蚺缣绲氖焙蜓谧】诒牵詈檬怯弥浇?/p>

? Washing hands after coughing or sneezing 咳嗽或喷嚏后洗手

? Avoiding crowded areas when possible 尽可能不去人多的地方

? Wearing a surgical mask may be appropriate to prevent transmission to others and yourself 戴上口罩，避免将病毒传染

? Refrain from touching your face, and if you do, make sure your hands are clean 不要用手摸脸，如果你摸脸，一定要确保手是干净的

Do you have any immunization免疫接种 to cover influenza A (H1N1)? 有没有针对甲型流感病毒(H1N1)的疫苗？

社区为导向之基层医疗保健 community-oriented primary care

小学作文