Napoleon的生平简介

Napoleon的生平简介
Napoleon的生平简介

Napoleon的生平简介
拿破仑 · 波拿巴,法国近代史上著名的军事家和政治家,1769年出生于科西嘉岛阿雅克修城的一个破落贵族家庭.
　　1779年,在法国布里埃纳军校学习军事.1784年,升入巴黎军官学校,毕业后被任命为瓦朗斯炮兵团少尉军官,时年仅16岁.
　　1789年,法国爆发了资产阶级革命,拿破仑同情革命,一时成为雅各宾派的拥护者.他三次回到故乡科西嘉岛,积极开展争取科西嘉岛自治和自由的活动.由于受到当地亲英反法的保利集团的排挤,被迫举家迁至法国本土.
　　1793年7月,拿破仑带兵一举攻下了保王党的堡垒土伦,深受雅各宾派奥古斯都.罗伯斯庇尔的赏识,1794年1月14日,被任命为少将、炮兵旅长.热月政变发生后,雅各宾派共有103人遇害,拿破仑亦受牵连,于8月5日被捕.后经审讯,无罪释放,但被免去少将、炮兵旅长职衔.拿破仑一时困居巴黎.
　　1795年10月4日,巴黎发生保王党人的武装叛乱.督政官巴拉斯请来拿破仑帮助平息叛乱.拿破仑用大炮一举击垮了叛乱者,挽救了危局.督政府晋升拿破仑为陆军中将、巴黎卫戍司令.一夜之间,穷困潦倒的拿破仑成为军界和政界无人不晓得大人物.
　　1796年3月2日,年仅26岁的拿破仑被任命为法国意大利军司令官,从此开始了独立作战的生涯.3月9日,拿破仑与巴黎著名的交际花约瑟芬.博阿尔内匆匆举行了婚礼.两天后,他告别新婚妻子,赶赴意大利军团上任.他统率数万大军直驱意大利,与处于优势的第一次反法同盟军奥军和撒丁军连续作战,取得了一系列的辉煌胜利.从意大利凯旋巴黎时,他暗下决心,要做一统天下的社稷首领. 崛起的拿破仑使督政府感到了威胁,督政官员们决定把他调到远离巴黎的地方去.
　　1798年4月12日,拿破仑被任命为法国埃及军（东方军）司令官.5月18日,拿破仑挥师东下,远征埃及.他希望借助新的胜利来实现自己的理想.
　　1799年8月22日,拿破仑看到国内局势急转直下,人民怨声载道,认为时机已到,立即率亲信离开埃及,返回巴黎.
　　1799年11月9日,拿破仑发动了雾月政变成功,成为第一执政.
　　1800年6月14日,拿破仑在马伦哥大败奥地利军,迫使第二次反法同盟解体.拿破仑利用欧洲大陆短暂的和平,励精图治,发展国力,一时间法国出现了繁荣昌盛的局面. 1802年5月,经全民投票通过,拿破仑成为“终身执政”,集行政、司法、立法大权于一身,向帝制过渡铺平了道路.
　　1804年5月18日,拿破仑黄袍加身,宣告自己为法兰西第一帝国的皇帝,称号为“拿破仑一世”.
　　1805年8月9日,奥、英、俄结成第三次反法同盟,拿破仑率军东进应战,取得了乌尔姆、奥斯特里茨等大战的胜利,俄皇、奥帝狼狈而逃.拿破仑乘胜在南德、中德、西德各诸侯国组成“莱茵同盟”,把它置于自己的保护之下. 1806年秋,英、俄、普等国组成第四次反法同盟.10月1日,普鲁士率先对法宣战.14日一天当中,法军同时在耶拿和奥尔斯塔特打了两个漂亮仗,普军几乎全军覆没.10月27日,法军进占柏林,海涅曾夸张的说：“拿破仑一口气,吹去了普鲁士.”接着,法国东击俄军.
　　1807年6月14日,拿破仑在弗里德兰大败俄军,俄皇被迫求和. 为了窒息英伦三岛,严格实行“大陆封锁”政策,1807年10月,拿破仑发动了征服伊比利亚半岛战争.法军入侵激起岛上人民的强烈反抗,法军很快陷进了民众战争的泥潭难以自拔.拿破仑不得不吞下自己种下的苦果.
　　1809年初,因对付普、奥等国的第五次反法同盟,拿破仑不等西班牙战事结束,就匆匆率兵一部回国,东征奥地利.拿破仑凭着他那钢铁般的意志,转败为胜,迫使奥地利再一次割地求和.
　　1810年3月,娶奥国公主玛丽亚.路易莎为妻.拿破仑帝国达到极盛时期. 可是,这个欧洲枭雄最得意的时刻也是其霸业发生决定性逆转的时刻.
　　1812年,拿破仑集兵50万远征俄罗斯.他长驱直入,直捣莫斯科城.然而,俄国的严寒气候和当地军民的抗法斗争终于使法军大败而归.
　　1813年,欧洲第六次反法同盟成立,拿破仑率军40万余联军作战,不料在莱比锡战役中一败涂地,各附庸国及诸小邦乘机起来摆脱法国控制,拿破仑陷入四面楚歌的境地.
　　1814年,联军向法国本土进军.3月30日,巴黎沦陷.4月6日,拿破仑被迫退位,并被放逐到意大利的厄尔巴岛.波旁王朝复辟. 然而,这个失败者再次创造了历史上罕见的奇迹,他从戒备森严的厄尔巴岛上逃了出来.
　　1815年3月20日,他不费一枪一弹进占了巴黎,重新登上皇帝宝座,建立了历史上所称的“百日王朝”. 欧洲各君主国重新又调集重兵,组成第七次反法同盟军.
　　1815年6月,法军在滑铁卢战役中覆没,拿破仑第二次退位.10月,被流放至圣赫勒拿岛.
　　1821年5月5日,拿破仑在岛上病逝,终年52岁. 四天以后,岛上的人为这位征服者举行了葬礼.在礼炮的轰鸣中,棺木徐徐下葬在圣赫勒拿岛上的托贝特山泉旁.在这幽静的峡谷深处,几棵垂柳掩映着一条流水,秋海棠、海芋和美人蕉竞相开放.拿破仑,这位一度叱咤风云、有功也有过的盖世英雄,便长眠在这些绿叶鲜花之下. 19年后,法国七月王朝的路易.菲力浦派军舰到圣赫勒拿岛接回了拿破仑的遗骨.
　　1840年12月15日,巴黎人民满腔热情地举行了隆重的接灵仪式.数不尽的人群冒着严寒、迎着风雪,护送着灵柩前往塞纳河畔的荣军院.从此,拿破仑的遗愿得到了实现,他以一个老兵的身份安息在塞纳河畔,安息在他热爱的法国人民中间.
　　Napoleon I
　　Emperor of the French
　　1769 - 1821
　　Ambition is never content,
　　even on the summit of greatness.
　　—Napoleon Bonaparte
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　　Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio on the Mediterranean island of Corsica. Through his military exploits and his ruthless efficiency, Napoleon rose from obscurity to become Napoleon I, Empereur des Francais (Emperor of the French). He is both a historical figure and a legend—and it is sometimes difficult to separate the two. The events of his life fired the imaginations of great writers, film makers, and playwrights whose works have done much to create the Napoleonic legend.
　　Napoleon decided on a military career when he was a child, winning a scholarship to a French military academy. His meteoric rise shocked not only France but all of Europe, and his military conquests threatened the stability of the world.
　　Napoleon was one of the greatest military commanders in history. He has also been portrayed as a power hungry conqueror. Napoleon denied being such a conqueror. He argued that he was building a federation of free peoples in a Europe united under a liberal government. But if this was his goal, he intended to achieve it by taking power in his own hands. However, in the states he created, Napoleon granted constitutions, introduced law codes, abolished feudalism, created efficient governments and fostered education, science, literature and the arts.
　　Emperor Napoleon proved to be an excellent civil administrator. One of his greatest achievements was his supervision of the revision and collection of French law into codes. The new law codes—seven in number—incorporated some of the freedoms gained by the people of France during the French revolution, including religious toleration and the abolition of serfdom. The most famous of the codes, the Code Napoleon or Code Civil, still forms the basis of French civil law. Napoleon also centralized France's government by appointing prefects to administer regions called departments, into which France was divided.
　　While Napoleon believed in government "for" the people, he rejected government "by" the people. His France was a police state with a vast network of secret police and spies. The police shut down plays containing any hint of disagreement or criticism of the government. The press was controlled by the state. It was impossible to express an opinion without Napoleon's approval.
　　Napoleon's own opinion of his career is best stated in the following quotation:
　　I closed the gulf of anarchy and brought order out of chaos. I rewarded merit regardless of birth or wealth, wherever I found it. I abolished feudalism and restored equality to all regardless of religion and before the law. I fought the decrepit monarchies of the Old Regime because the alternative was the destruction of all this. I purified the Revolution.
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