定语从句的构成

定语从句的构成
定语从句的构成

定语从句的构成
摘自《简明英语语法》
在英文中,有两种定语从句：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句.这两种定语从句在其功能和形式方面都有明显的区别：
限定性定语从句限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧奏,对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用.如果将其去掉,会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解.例如：
Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nationsin which they are located .
为了加速他们各自所在国家的经济发展,热带雨林作为有价值的原木和其他资源正为人们所砍伐.
Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.
洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候.
They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before.
他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因.
非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散,它与主句之间有一个逗点","隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用,只起补充、说明的作用.有时也用它来对全句进行补充、说明.即使将其去掉,也不会影响句子意思.由于上述原因,非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句.另外,非限定性定语从句在中文译文里,我们往往将其作为一个分句处理,而不把它作定语翻译.例如：Earlier ,the Babylonians had attempted to map the world ,but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere ,which was the form adopted by Ptolemy .
（此句中,非限定性定语从句是对先行词a sphere进行补充、说明.）
更早之前,巴比伦人曾试图绘制世界地图,但是他们把它绘制成平盘状而不是托勒密所采用的球体状.
The combination of satellites,which transmit information ,computers ,which store information ,and television ,which displays information ,will change every home into an education and entertainment center .
（此句中,三个非限定性定语从句分别对三个先行词：satellites ,computers和television进行补充、说明.如果去掉这三个非限定性定语从句,那么句子可简化为：
The combination of satellites ,computers and television will change every home into an education and entertainment center .）卫星能传输信息,计算机能储存信息,电视能显示信息,把这些手段结合起来可以使每个家庭都成为教育娱乐的中心.
The sun heats the earth ,which makes it possible for plants to grow .（此句中,非限定性定语从句是对全句进行补充、说明,将全句表达的意思看成"一件事情）.太阳给予大地热,这就使植物的生长成为可能.
The old man has a son ,who is in the army .（此句中,非限定性定语从句是对先行词son进行补充、说明.但本句所传达的信息是："这位老人只有一个儿子" .如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句：
The old man has a son who is in the army .那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子.那么,限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰.这样一来,句子所传达的信息就变成了："这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作,还有其他的儿子在干别的工作".）那位老人有一个儿子,他在部队工作.

定语可以由形容词,代词,数词,名词,分词,副词,不定式,介词短语等来担任,如果是一个句子担任定语,那么这个句子就叫做定语从句,因为主要由形容词来担任定语,所以也可以称它为形容词性从句
!:定语从句的构成:先行词+关系词+定语从句
被定语从句修饰的词就叫先行词;引导定语从句的词叫关系词,关系词一般紧跟在先行词之后引导定语从句
定语从句都在它所修饰的先行词的后面(后置)....

全部展开

定语可以由形容词,代词,数词,名词,分词,副词,不定式,介词短语等来担任,如果是一个句子担任定语,那么这个句子就叫做定语从句,因为主要由形容词来担任定语,所以也可以称它为形容词性从句
!:定语从句的构成:先行词+关系词+定语从句
被定语从句修饰的词就叫先行词;引导定语从句的词叫关系词,关系词一般紧跟在先行词之后引导定语从句
定语从句都在它所修饰的先行词的后面(后置).这一点和汉语不同.
2.种类:限定性和非限定性
限定性定语从句中的关系词不能去掉;非限定性定语从句中的关系词去掉后不影响整个句子的基本意思,因此通常用逗号来把它和其他句子分开

收起

定语从句

定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有：when, where, why等。
关系代词...

全部展开

定语从句

定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有：when, where, why等。
关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是想见你的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3）which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语）

4 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
2）that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。
限制性和非限制性定语从句
1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
介词+关系词
）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。
3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
as, which 非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例题
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。
As 的用法
例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。
先行词和关系词二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)

what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever
1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything
What you want has been sent here.
Whatever you want makes no difference to me.
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who
（错）Who breaks the law will be punished.
（错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
（对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
（对）Who robbed the bank is not clear.
3) that 和 what
当that引导定语从句时 ，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从 句， 用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。
I think (that) you will like the stamps.
What we need is more practice.

15 关系代词that 的用法
）不用that的情况
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。
d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。
举例：
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。

收起

定语从句(Attributive Clause)
1. 关系代词和关系副词
who: The man is a model worker. The man will come here.
The man who will cime here is a model woeker.
...

全部展开

定语从句(Attributive Clause)
1. 关系代词和关系副词
who: The man is a model worker. The man will come here.
The man who will cime here is a model woeker.
The man who is a model worker will come here.
whom: The comrade teaches us English. You saw the comrade yesterday.
The comrade (whom) you saw yesterday teaches us English.
whose: We must help the old woman. The old woman's son is in the army.
We must help the old woman whose son is in the army.
Have you got the book? The cover of the book is red.
Have you got the book whose cover is red?
I live in the room. The window of the room faces south.
I live in the room whose window faces south.
which: You may read the book. The book is very intersting.
You may read the book which is very intersting.
This is the book (which) I got yesterday.
that: The man that is talking with Tom is my friend.
The thing (that) we need to breathe is oxygen.
Who is the woman that is talking with our teacher?
 The man (that) I am going to meet at the station is a friend of mine.
when: I'll never forget the day. I joined the League on the day.
I'll never forget the day when I joined the League . (when = on which)
where: This is the room. Premier Zhou worked in the room.
This is the room where Premier Zhou wleked. (where = in which)
why: This is the reason. She will not come for the reason.
This is the reason why she will not come. (why = for which)
2. “介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句 (prep. + reletive pronoun)
如何选择关系代词前的介词
⑴ 要注意介词与前面先行词的正确搭配
The earth is ball. We live on the earth. The earth on which we live is a ball.
The speed at which the car travels is 50 kilometres an hour.
I'll never forget the day on which I joint the Party.
⑵ 要注意与后面动词的正确搭配
This is an advanced worker from whom we can learned a lot.
The problemabout which we talked yesterday is difficult to solve.
The PLA man of whom we often heard will come here.
3. 定语从句的种类及其四点不同
⑴ 意义不同 ⑵ 形式不同 ⑶ 翻译不同 ⑷ 所用关系代词不同 （that)
Li Ming, who lives in the same room with me, studies very hard.
He has a son who is in the army. He has a son, who is in the army.
All the books there, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him.
His younger sister, who is studying at Beijing University, is eighteen.
4. 如何选择关系代词
一 who & that
⑴ who
① who可代替人，人格化了的动物，神话故事中的人物。
The dog who is barking is our pet.
② 先行词是人关系代词倾向用who
The girl who dances beautifully gave us a performance that day.
③ 当先行词用泛指代词 he，they或指示代词 those 时, 常用who
He who does no work gets no pay.
We are badly in need of those who can work in real earnet. (真正干活的人）
④ 先行词被不定代词修饰时，多用who
I have found many people who can do this work.
I don't know all the teachers who work here.
Are there any students in your class who want to visit the Great Wall?
⑤ 在 there be 句型中，既作主语又表示人时， 多用 who 或者省略
There is someone outside thie office (who) wants to see you.
⑥ 不定代词one, ones, anyone 等作先行词时， 多用 who
One who woeks without complaint is welcome here.
⑦ 定语从句与先行词分隔，用that 可能引起起义歧义时， 应用who
I saw a man in the street who was surrounded by many people.
⑧ 在非限制性定语从句中， 一般要用who不用that
The soldier, who may feel sorry for the boy, had him stand with his back to his father.
⑨ 在一个句子中有两个定语从句，第一个关系代词用that，第二个宜用用who
The man that I like is the one who is both competent (能干的）and diligent.
但在平行结构中，应根据平行结构的原则，重复同一个关系代词。
I met a Greek who travelled a lot in the world but who knew very little about his own country.
⑵ that
① 以疑问代词who 或which 开头的特殊疑问句，为了避免重复，用that
Who is the man that is shouting there?
Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?
② 关系代词在定语从句中作表语时,多用that
She is not the girl that she was three years ago.
Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be.
③ 先行词被形容词最高级和序数次所修饰时, 用that
She has become one of the best actresses that appear on Chinese screens.
She was the first woman that was laid off.
④ 先行词为两个或两个以上分别表示人或物, 用that
He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.
They were talking about the persons and things that they remembered.
⑤ 先行词被 the only, the very 所修饰时, 用that
He was the only boy that was praised by the teacher.
She was the very teacher that I was looking for.
⑥ 先行词前有指示代词 the same 时, 应用that
This is the same person that I met yesterday.
That is the same man that asked for help the day before yesterday.
⑦ 先行词为who，为避免重复，须用that
Who that you have ever seen can beat him in the chess?
⑧ 一个句子有两个定语从句,第一个用了who , 第二宜用that
The man who is at table is his brother that has been serving in the army.
二 which & that
⑴ which
① 如果先行词是 that, 关系代词应用which
What was that which you said about him?
② 分隔性定语从句, 用which较好
I have some interests outside my professional work which give me great pleasure.
③ 关系代词前出现介词, 只能用which
They had a meeting at which he spoke on the current econmic situation.
如果把介词移到句末, 可用that或省略
This is the book (that) he was looking for.
④ 非限制性定语从句中, 只用which
I'll buy a book, which tells about the use of English idioms.
Beijing , which was China's capital for more than 800 years, is rich in cultural and historic relics.(文物）
⑤ 一个句子有两个定语从句, 第个用了that , 第二个宜用which
This is the book that you bought which you have lost.
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly opened to us.
⑵ that
① 先行词不定代词时, all, the onne, anything, everything, nothing, little,much, few,
none, 用that. 但somethig多用that也可用which
All that can be done has been done.
That is all tha I know.
We should do all that is useful to the people.
Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday?
There is little that we can do in such a short time.
Everything that the children saw in the zoo was interesting.
Is there anything that I can do for you?
There's nothing that can be saidabout it.
② 先行词被不定代词 any, few, little, noi, all , one of 所修饰时, 用that
You can take any seat that is free.
This is one of the pens that his father bought for him.
⑶ 先行词被序数词, 形容词最高级所修饰时,用that
This is the most wonderful film that I have ever see.
The smallest living thing that can be seen under a microscope are bacteria.
The fiest thing that we should do is to work out the plan.
What was the last song that she sang at the evning party?
⑷ 先行词被the only, the very, the same, just , 所修饰时,用that
The only thing that we could do was to wait.
This is the only way that I can find.
This is the very book that I have been looking for.
This is the very word that is wrongly used.
⑸ 先行词本身为表语, 或关系代词在定语从句中作表语时,宜用that
China is not the China (that) she used to be.
My hometown is no longer the place (that) it used to be.
My typeriter is not the machine that it was.
⑹ 先行词有两个或两个以上分别表示人或物时， 用that
What do you thingk of the people and things that you saw in the countryside?
The writer and his novels that you have just talked and really well known.
The bike and its rider that had run over an old woman were held up by the police.
⑺主句为there be结构， 修饰主语的定语从句宜用that
There is still a seat in the corner that is still free.
⑻与 the same连用时， 只能用that， 但与the same...as 不同
This is the same museum that you once wisited.
This is the same dictionary as I bought yesterday.
⑼ 先行词是数词时，用that
Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive.
⑽ which开头的特殊疑问句，用that
Which is the dictionary that you bought yesterday?
⑾一个句子有两个定语从句,第一个用了which, 第二宜用that
I'll borrow a book which tells about the heroic deeds that the PLA men did in the
battles against the invaders.
Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never seen before.
5.分隔性定语从句：三种
⑴ 被地点状语分隔
There are none of the students in our class who don't study English.
I was the only person in my office who was invited.
⑵被定语分隔
We firmly suppot the people of that country who are struggling for their national independence and liberation.
I'll never forget the day in 1990 when I joined the Youth League.
⑶ 被谓语分隔
The days are gone when we use "foreign oil".
The day will come when the four modernizations will be realized in our country.
6.as引导的定语从句
as既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。
⑴ 限制性定语从句： as引导的限制性定语从句，主句中的先行词前常有形容词such，the same与之呼应，它们在定语从句中作定语或表语。
① such...as "象... 之类" the same...as "和...同样的"
I have never heard such stories as he tells.
Such women as knew Tom thought he was charming. (可爱）
She wears thesame kind ofclothes as hersister.
We use the same dictionary as you.
② such as 连在一起使用有三种情况：
1> such 充当 as 的先行词
I have not many, but I'll send you such as I have.
2> 先行词处于such之前，是被such修饰的名词
She collected a great many stories such as a child of four or five could understand.
3>such as相当like，用来列举人或事物，用逗号
A man such as he will succeed.